MUSEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE WESTERNIZATION PROCESS IN THE 19TH CENTURY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SELİN ADİLE ATLIMAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY DECEMBER 2008 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Aykut Çınaroğlu (Ankara University, ARK) Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün (METU, HIST) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Selin Adile, Atlıman Signature : iii ABSTRACT MUSEOLOGICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE WESTERNIZATION PROCESS IN THE 19TH CENTURY Atlıman, Selin Adile Master of Arts, History Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur December 2008, 165 pages The nineteenth century is a period, when great transformations were experienced in the Ottoman Empire. Besides the political, economical and judicial changes, with the impact of the westernization process, important leaps about two important components of cultural life, museology and archeology, were realized in terms of both collecting and protecting the ancient monuments; and their exposition. As two interrelated fields of culture and sciences originated from Europe, museology and archeology were incorporated in the cultural life of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. The Ottoman Empire was acquainted with these two scientific fields through the impacts of both the museological studies in Europe and the excavations of the foreign researchers and archeologists, conducted within the imperial territories. This study aims to observe the emergence of museological and archeological studies in the Ottoman Empire and its development by the impacts of the West. In this study, the origins of the museological and archeological studies, the first attempts in the Ottoman Empire and the development in the continuing process and the judicial acts about the mentioned fields composed in the 19th century are examined chronologically. In this process of development, the works of Osman Hamdi Bey were forming an important part of this thesis. Key Words: Museology, Archeology, Westernization, Imperial Museum, Osman Hamdi Bey iv ÖZ 19. YÜZYIL OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU BATILILAŞMA SÜRECİNDE MÜZEOLOJİK VE ARKEOLOJİK ÇALIŞMALAR Atlıman, Selin Adile Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Recep Boztemur Aralık 2008, 165 sayfa 19. yüzyıl, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda büyük değişimlerin yaşandığı bir dönemdir. Bu yüzyıl içerisinde siyaset, ekonomi ve hukuk alanlarında önemli değişimler yaşanırken, bir taraftan da Batılılaşma sürecinin etkisiyle iki önemli kültür alanı olan müzecilik ve arkeoloji dallarında da hem eski eserleri saklayıp koruma hem de bu eserleri sergileme konularında önemli atılımlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Müzecilik ve arkeoloji, Avrupa’da doğan birbiriyle bağlantılı iki kültür ve bilim alanı olarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğu kültür hayatına 19. yüzyılda girmiştir. Hem Avrupa’da yürütülen müzecilik çalışmalarının etkisiyle, hem de imparatorluk topraklarında kazı faaliyetlerinde bulunan yabancı uyruklu araştırmacı ve arkeologların etkisiyle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu bu bilim dallarıyla tanışmıştır. Bu çalışma, 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda, müzecilik ve arkeoloji çalışmalarının nasıl başladığını ve Batı’nın da etkisiyle nasıl bir gelişme çizgisi izlediğini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada, müzecilik ve arkeoloji çalışmalarının kökenleri ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki ilk çalışmalar ve devam eden süreç içerisindeki gelişmeler, 19. yüzyıl içerisinde sözü geçen konularda yapılan hukuki atılımlar kronolojik olarak incelenmektedir. Bu gelişme süreci içerisinde Osman Hamdi Bey’in çalışmaları bu tezin önemli bir kısmını teşkil etmektedir. v Anahtar Kelimeler: Müzecilik, Arkeoloji, Batılılaşma, İmparatorluk Müzesi, Osman Hamdi Bey vi To Bige and Nihat Atlıman vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Being the outcome of a one year long study, this thesis contains many contributions from various people to whom I would like to express my gratitude. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Associate Professor Recep Boztemur. He not only encouraged and supported me in academic means, but also took close interest in my thesis and made valuable corrections, criticism and suggestions. He was always there to comfort me when I had doubts about the outcome. Thus, I am a proud student of Recep Boztemur who taught not only academic but also life lessons to me. I especially would like to thank Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün for two main causes. First, for accepting me to the department of History, by which I had the chance of learning a branch of science that was linked to archeology but had a different methodology. Second, for her constructive criticism and suggestions on my thesis, that made it possible for me to improve my work. I also would like to thank Dr. Tuğba Tanyeri Erdemir among the academic staff of METU for her guidance and her interest in my thesis. I am grateful to my professors in Ankara University, especially to Prof. Dr. Aykut Çınaroğlu whom I owe my archeological knowledge. In addition, I also owe a great deal to the whole academic staff of the METU History Department for being so polite and helpful whenever I knocked on their doors during my graduate studies. Elvin Otman, your comments and proof reading mattered greatly during the preparation of the thesis because you are the first person to read it. Umut Eren, thank you for your love and support in every step of my life. Finally I would like to thank my family and my dear friends for being there and supporting me. Without their presence in my life everything would be incomplete. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................iv ÖZ........................................................................................................................v DEDICATION..................................................................................................vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................viii TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1 2. MUSEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE UNTIL 1881.................................................8 2.1. Museological Studies in the Ottoman Empire Until 1881…...……8 2.1.1. The First Examples of Museum in the World and the Development of Museology in Europe...….………….8 2.1.2. Pre-Museological Studies in the Ottoman Empire….…..16 2.1.3. Fethi Ahmet Pasha and the First Ottoman Museum….....20 2.1.4. Foreign Directors Period in the Museum…….……….....25 2.2. Archaeological Studies in the Ottoman Empire Until 1881……..32 2.2.1. First European Travelers and Researchers in the Ottoman Lands….............……………………………..36 2.2.2. Foreign Archaeological Excavations in Anatolia……...43 2.2.3. Foreign Archaeological Excavations in Holy Lands and Mesopotamia…………..................................……..48 ix 3. A PIONEER IN THE OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEOLOGY: OSMAN HAMDİ BEY………………………..56 3.1. An Introduction to Osman Hamdi Bey……..………….…56 3.2. Education and Professional Life of Osman Hamdi Bey.....59 3.3. Osman Hamdi Bey as a Museologist………..……………61 3.4. Osman Hamdi Bey’s Contribution to the Museology….....70 3.5. Osman Hamdi Bey as an Archaeology Researcher …....…72 3.6. Osman Hamdi Bey’s Contribution to the Ancient Monument Law…………………..………………….....…79 3.7. Osman Hamdi Bey and the Academy of Fine Arts…....….84 3.8. Osman Hamdi Bey and the Exhibitions……....………..….90 3.9. Concluding Remarks……..…………….…………...…….93 4. MONUMENT LAWS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1800-1906…...98 4.1. Introduction to the Regulations of Ancient Monuments….98 4.2. Regulation of 1869…….……………..…..……………...108 4.3. Regulation of 1874……………………….....…………...114 4.4. Regulation of 1884……….….……….……….……….....122 4.5. Regulation of 1906……….………………………..….…131 4.6. Concluding Remarks……….…………………………..…134 5. CONCLUSION……………….…………………..…………………....138 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………….………...146 APPENDICES……………………..……………………………….....156 APPENDIX 1……………………….…………………….….156 APPENDIX 2……………………….…………………….….157 APPENDIX 3……………………….………………………..158 APPENDIX 4……………………….………………………..159 APPENDIX 5……………………….………………………..160 APPENDIX 6…………………………………….…………..161 APPENDIX 7………………….……………………………..162 x APPENDIX 8……………………….…………………….…163 APPENDIX 9………………………………………………..164 APPENDIX 10………………………………………………165 xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Archaeology, the basic source and