INFORMATION TO USERS This manusaÿt has been reproduced from the microfrhn master. UMI films the text directfy from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any Qfpe of con^uter printer. The qnaliQr of this reproduction is dqiendait upon the qnali^ of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adverse^ affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiD indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing frmn lefr to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photogr^hed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualiQr 6" x 9" black and white photogr^hic prints are available for aiy photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 BEYOND ALLIANCE: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND THE FORGING OF AN ATLANTIC COMMUNITY, 1947-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jozef Noel Marie Ostyn, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Michael J. Hogan Carole K. Fink cviser Alan D. Beyerchen OMI Number: 9534044 Copyright 1995 by Ostyn, Jozef Noel Marie All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9534044 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Jozef Noel Marie Ostyn 1995 A.M.D.G. To my parents and to Elizabeth for their love and support 1 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all those who helped me in writing this dissertation. My adviser, Professor Michael J. Hogan, guided me throughout my graduate student career and provided the necessary encouragement, support, advice, and criticism to help me complete and improve this dissertation. Professors Carole K. Fink, Alan D. Beyerchen, and Peter L. Hahn gave generously of their time to read the dissertation and provide helpful comments. Thanks also go to my fellow graduate students, especially Glenn Dorn, Darryl Fox, Paul Pierpaoli, and Paul Wittekind, who read parts of the dissertation and often provided invaluable comments. I also want to thank Professors Lawrence S. Kaplan and S. Victor Papacosma of the Lyman L. Lemnitzer Center for NATO Studies at Kent State University who were very helpful in locating important archival sources. This dissertation could not have been completed without the generous financial support provided by the Department of History and the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. My sincere thanks also go to the Streit family, for permission to use the Clarence K. Streit Papers. I also want to thank the staff of the Manuscript Division of iii the Library of Congress; the Diplomatic Branch of the National Archives; the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library; the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library; the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library of Princeton University; and the Atlantic Council of the United States, for their assistance during my research. I must also thank the many teachers who contributed to my graduate education and training at The Ohio State University: Professors Marvin R. Zahniser, K. Austin Kerr, John S. Hill, William R. Childs, and Susan M. Hartmann. Sincere thanks also go to those who encouraged me to continue my studies in the U.S. and who helped to get me there: Professors Romain Van Eenoo, Jan Art, and Luc Francois of the University of Ghent; and the Commission for Educational Exchange between the United States of America, Belgium and Luxembourg. Last, but certainly not least, I want to thank my family, for their support and encouragement, and my wife Elizabeth, for her love and understanding. IV VITA 8 October 1966................... born in Ghent, Belgium 198 9 .............................. B.A. in History, University of Ghent 1989-95........................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 199 0 .............................. M.A. in History, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Peter L. Hahn, Michael J. Hogan, and Jozef Ostyn, eds., "Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution," in Retrieving the American Past; Readings from The Ohio State University Electronic Bookshelf (Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Jozef Ostyn, "The Neutrality Acts," in Garland's Encyclopedia of the Second World War in Europe (New York: Garland, 1995). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History areas of specialization: U.S. Diplomatic History Examining Faculty: Professor Michael J. Hogan Professor Marvin R. Zahniser Professor Peter L. Hahn European International History Examining Faculty: Professor Carole K. Fink Professor Alan D. Beyerchen Professor John S. Hill Recent U.S. History Examining Faculty; Professor K. Austin Kerr VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................iii VITA............................................................V INTRODUCTION................................................... 1 CHAPTER I. FROM ATLANTIC CIVILIZATION TO ATLANTIC UNION; THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATLANTIC COMMUNITY CONCEPT, 1900-1945.................................... 14 CHAPTER II. ATOMS AND THE IRON CURTAIN: THE RESURGENCE OF WORLD AND REGIONAL FEDERALISM, 1945-47.............. 51 CHAPTER III: EUROPEAN RECOVERY AND ATLANTIC SECURITY, DECEMBER 1947-JUNE 1948...............................98 CHAPTER IV: LAYING THE CORNERSTONE: THE GENESIS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY, JULY 1948-JULY 1949................143 CHAPTER V: THE NEW FEDERALISTS: THE ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE AND THE CAMPAIGN FOR A FEDERAL CONVENTION OF THE ATLANTIC DEMOCRACIES, JANUARY 1949-FEBRUARY 1950...185 CHAPTER VI: SEARCHING FOR COMMON GROUND: THE STATE DEPARTMENT AND THE ATLANTIC UNION MOVEMENT, FEBRUARY 1950- DECEMBER 1951........................................ 221 CHAPTER VII: FROM CONSTITUTIONAL UNION TO FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY: THE EMERGENCE OF THE NATO CITIZENS' MOVEMENT, JANUARY 1952-FEBRUARY 1953............... 281 CHAPTER VIII: FORGING THE ATLANTIC COMMUNITY: JOHN FOSTER DULLES, THE STATE DEPARTMENT, AND THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON NATO, FEBRUARY 1953-DECEMBER 1955............... 334 CHAPTER IX: EPILOGUE: THE ATLANTIC UNION MOVEMENT AND THE ATLANTIC COMMUNITY, 1956-1962....................... 371 V I 1 CONCLUSION.............................................. 384 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................393 Vlll INTRODUCTION This dissertation aims to analyze the postwar development of the Atlantic Community concept and its influence on U.S. policy toward Western Europe during the early Cold War. The concept of an Atlantic Community, binding together the peoples of the North Atlantic area on the basis of shared values and traditions, developed long before the onset of the Cold War. And a private Atlantic Union movement emerged in the U.S. during the late 1930's.i But it was during the Cold War, between 1947 and 1955, that the forging of a cohesive Atlantic Community for the first time became an integral part of U.S. foreign policy. The emergence, in the Soviet Union, of what was perceived as another challenge to Western civilization, so soon after the devastating conflict between the Atlantic democracies and Nazi totalitarianism, invigorated the search, both within and outside government, for ways to strengthen Western unity. This search led American policymakers and private internationalist groups to propose new initiatives, designed to forge stronger and more permanent links between the United States and Western Europe. And it is this American quest for an institutionalized Atlantic Community that is the subject of this dissertation. During World War II, U.S. planning for the postwar world, heavily influenced by traditional Wilsonian internationalism, had focused on the need for continued cooperation among the great powers, within the framework of the United Nations. But the onset of the Cold War, as well as the precipitous decline of the Western European powers, destroyed any prospect for such global cooperation. The escalating rivalry with the Soviet Union rendered the United Nations useless as a forum for international cooperation. At the same time, the power vacuum in Europe, combined with the perceived Soviet challenge, threatened America's long-term economic and geopolitical interests. This left U.S. policymakers grappling with the problems of redefining American foreign policy to create a new international framework within which the Western European democracies would be able to regain their economic strength and political stability and meet the Soviet challenge. The Marshall Plan was the first step in that direction, with its emphasis on Western European economic recovery