Significance and Application of the Socialism of the 21st Century in Latin America: A Case Study on Ecuador and the Administration of President Rafael Correa By Francisco X. Abad Guerra East Texas Baptist University Honors Project Supervisor: Dr. Israel Nandamudi Other Committee Members: Dr. Sandy Hoover, Mr. José Alonzo Department of History and Political Science MAY 2012 Abad 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER 1: Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Core Principles: ................................................................................................................................. 8 Learning from History .......................................................................................................................... 9 Adaptability ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Institutions and Leadership ................................................................................................................. 12 2. Political and Diplomatic Principles: ............................................................................................... 13 National Principles ............................................................................................................................. 14 International Principles ...................................................................................................................... 15 3. Economic and Social Principles: ..................................................................................................... 16 Human Development ........................................................................................................................... 17 Environmental Development ............................................................................................................... 17 Economic Development ...................................................................................................................... 18 Technological Development ................................................................................................................ 19 CHAPTER 2: Introduction to Ecuador’s Case Study ................................................................................. 21 1. A Regional Need for Change: ......................................................................................................... 21 2. Correa’s raise to Power ................................................................................................................... 23 3. Case Study Framework ................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: Ecuador’s Core Principles for Socialism of the 21st Century ............................................. 30 1. New Constitution and Good Living ................................................................................................ 30 2. Institutions and Leadership ............................................................................................................. 32 2.1. Constitution ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.2. Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir 2009-2013 ............................................................................... 34 2.3. Creating of Ministries Appointment of People ........................................................................ 35 2.4. Correa’s Leadership ............................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4: Democracy – A Political and Diplomatic Analysis ............................................................. 37 1. National Level ................................................................................................................................. 37 1.1. Constitutional Mandates ......................................................................................................... 37 1.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies ..................................................................... 39 1.3. September 30, 2010 – National Crisis .................................................................................... 40 1.4. El Universo Case .................................................................................................................... 43 Abad 2 1.5. Elections and Referenda ......................................................................................................... 45 2. International Level .......................................................................................................................... 46 2.1. Constitutional Mandates ......................................................................................................... 46 2.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies ..................................................................... 47 2.3. Manta’s Military Base ............................................................................................................ 47 2.4. Angostura’s Bombing and Diplomatic Crisis ......................................................................... 47 2.5. Ecuador – United States Diplomatic Crisis ............................................................................ 48 2.6. OAS Position on Honduras Re-Admission .............................................................................. 49 2.7. Regional Integration ............................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 5: Development – An Economic and Social Analysis ............................................................. 52 1. Human Development ...................................................................................................................... 52 1.1. Constitutional Mandates ......................................................................................................... 52 1.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies ..................................................................... 53 1.3. Vice-Presidency and Social Inclusion ..................................................................................... 54 1.4. Cultural Preservation ............................................................................................................. 55 2. Environmental Development .......................................................................................................... 55 2.1. Constitutional Mandates ......................................................................................................... 56 2.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies ..................................................................... 56 2.3. Yasuní-ITT ............................................................................................................................... 57 2.4. Chevron Lawsuit ..................................................................................................................... 59 3. Economic Development .................................................................................................................. 60 3.1. Constitutional Mandates ......................................................................................................... 61 3.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies ..................................................................... 61 3.3. Planned Economy ................................................................................................................... 62 3.4. CEPAL REPORT .................................................................................................................... 63 4. Technological Development ........................................................................................................... 64 4.1. Constitutional Mandates ............................................................................................................. 65 4.2. National Development Plan Goals and Policies .......................................................................... 65 4.3. SENESYT ................................................................................................................................... 65 4.4. YACHAY - Ciudad del Conocimiento ....................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion and Future Implications .................................................................................... 68 Abad 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Primary Sources: ..................................................................................................................................... 74 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................................. 76 Personal Interviews: ................................................................................................................................ 90 Abad 4 INTRODUCTION In a changing