A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Augustanism in Henry James: His Reception of Horace, Virgil, Livy & Tacitus by Mauro LO DICO for the Doctorate of Philosophy from The University of Sussex Submitted in September 2014 ! University of Sussex Mauro LO DICO, PhD Augustanism in Henry James: His Reception of Horace, Virgil, Livy & Tacitus This thesis examines the influence of Latin literature and values on the fiction of Henry James, with particular reference to the authors who wrote under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. The similarities between their works and his are analysed in terms of structure, style, setting, plot, theme, imagery, characterisation and didacticism by close readings and comparisons of the texts. The writings to be compared are Horace’s Odes with James’s “Daisy Miller,” Virgil’s Aeneid with The Ambassadors, and the histories of Livy and Tacitus with The Golden Bowl. In the end, this dissertation attempts to demonstrate how the morals that James sought to commend to his young and burgeoning America were based on those of the ancient Augustan age, a period that he may have believed bore a strong resemblance to his own times, while he may also have felt that emulation and appropriation of these canonical classical writers could help him to become a classic himself. The results of this enquiry are offered as a contribution to both classical reception studies and Jamesian studies. a mia madre Table of Contents List of Figures vii Abbreviations viii Preface xiv Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Terminology 1 Literature Review Hellenism and Jamesian Studies 2 Romanitas and Jamesian Studies 4 Methodology 11 The (Classical) Education of Henry James 18 Conclusion 26 Chapter I: The Odes of Horace & “Daisy Miller” 27 Horatian References in James 27 Classical References in “Daisy Miller” 37 The Carpe Diem Theme & the Setting 51 Structure 56 Carpe Florem 58 Prose, Poetry & the Legacy of Carpe Diem 60 Conclusion 65 Chapter II: Virgil’s Aeneid & The Ambassadors 67 References to the Aeneid in James 67 Classical References in The Ambassadors 83 Structure 85 Translatio imperii et studii 90 Characterisation & Plot 91 Setting 105 Themes 116 Style 119 Conclusion 122 Chapter III: Livy, Tacitus & The Golden Bowl 125 The Myth of Rome & the Theme of Decadence 127 Jamesian Historiography 133 References to Latin Historians in James Livy 139 Tacitus 150 Classical References in The Golden Bowl & Its Setting 152 Title 175 Structure 177 Machiavellian Characters 179 A Tale of Two Morals 186 Style 195 Conclusion 198 General Conclusion 201 Appendices A.1 Classical References in James’s Plays 206 A.2 Greek References in James’s Plays 207 A.3 Roman References in James’s Plays 208 B.1 Classical References in James’s Notebooks 210 B.2 Greek References in James’s Notebooks 210 B.3 Roman References in James’s Notebooks 211 Bibliography Classical Works 212 Post-Classical Works 216 ! vii List of Figures 1 Anonymous. (AD 212) Caracalla Farnese [Marble]. Naples National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Wikimedia Commons [Online]. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caracalla_MAN_Napoli_Inv6033_n0 1.jpg (Accessed: 15 April 2015). Courtesy of Marie-Lan Nguyen under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic license. 8 2 Interior of Hôtel des Trois Couronnes in Vevey, Switzerland, with Tuscan columns. Hotel Trois Couronnes [Online]. Available at: http://www.hoteltroiscouronnes.ch/pictures/albums/album-photo-hotel/photos- hotel-lobbyjpg.jpg (Accessed: 15 April 2015). 38 3 Turner, Joseph Mallord William. (1812) Snow Storm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps [Oil on canvas]. Tate Gallery, London. Wikimedia Commons [Online]. Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_081.j pg (Accessed: 15 April 2015). 43 4 Anonymous. (c. AD 90) Portrait of a woman of the Flavian period [Marble]. Hall of the Emperors, Palazzo Nuovo, Capitoline Museums, Rome. Wikimedia Commons [Online]. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Matronalivia2.jpg (Accessed: 15 April 2015). Courtesy of Ricardo André Frantz under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. 46 ! viii Abbreviations AL American Literature Am James, H., The Ambassadors, Penguin Ant. Rom. Antiquitates Romanae (Roman Antiquities) by Dionysius of Halicarnassus Au James, H., Autobiography Aug. August August. Saint Augustine Conf. Confessions BSGRT Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana c. circa Cass. Dio Cassius Dio Cat. Sallust, Bellum Catilinae (War of Catiline) or De Catilinae coniuratione (On Catiline’s Conspiracy) CGLC Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics Cic. Marcus Tullius Cicero Cael. Pro Caelio CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CLHJ 1855-72 The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1855-1872 CLHJ 1872-6 The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1872-1876 CLHJ 1876-8 The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1876-1878 CN The Complete Notebooks of Henry James CP The Complete Plays of Henry James CS James, H., Complete Stories ! ix CTW James, H., Collected Travel Writings Dec. December Diss. Doctoral dissertation Donat. Aelius Donatus Vit. Verg. Vita Vergilii Ed./ed. Editor / editor / edited by edn. edition eds. Editors EL Everyman’s Library esp. especially Euseb. Eusebius of Caesarea Vit. Const. Vita Constantini (Life of Constantine) Fig. Figure GCS Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller der Ersten Jahrhunderte Hdn. Herodian(us) Hist. Historiae (Histories) HJC Henry James on Culture HJL Henry James: Letters HJR Henry James Review Hom. Homer Il. Iliad Od. Odyssey ! x Hor. Quintus Horatius (Horace) Flaccus Ars P. Ars Poetica (Art of Poetry) Epist. Epistulae (Epistles) Epod. Epodi (Epodes) Sat. Satirae (Satires) Iug. Sallust, Bellum Iugurthinum (Jugurthine War) Jan. January LC James, H., Literary Criticism LCL Loeb Classical Library Leg. De legibus (On the Laws) by Cicero LoA Library of America Macrob. Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius Sat. Saturnalia MLN Modern Language Notes N James, H., Novels n. footnote N&Q Notes and Queries NCF Nineteenth-Century Fiction Nov. November NYE The Novels and Tales of Henry James NYRB New York Review of Books OCT Oxford Classical Texts Oct. October OET Oxford English Texts OLD Glare, Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd edn.) ! xi Ov. Publius Ovidius Naso Ars am. Ars amatoria Fast. Fasti Her. Heroides Met. Metamorphoses Plut. L. Mestrius Plutarchus Alex. Alexander the Great Cam. Camillus Marc. Marcellus Num. Numa Sert. Sertorius Thes. Theseus PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association P Press Plin. Pliny (the Elder) HN Naturalis historia (Natural History) Plin. Pliny (the Younger) Ep. Epistulae Polyb. Polybius Prop. Sextus Propertius r. reign Rev. Revised Rpt. Reprinted ! xii Sen. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (the Younger) Ben. De beneficiis Sept. September SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae (or Historia Augusta) M. Ant. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) Sev. (Septimius) Severus Suet. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus Aug. Augustus Calig. Gaius (Caligula) Dom. Titus Flavius Domitianus Iul. Gaius Julius Caesar Ner. Nero Tib. Tiberius Vita Hor. Vita Horatii (Life of Horace) Tac. Cornelius Tacitus Agr. Agricola Ann. Annales (Annals) Dial. Dialogus de oratoribus (Dialogue on the Orators) TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association Ter. Publius Terentius (Terence) Afer An. Andria Phorm. Phormio U University UP University Press Vell. Pat. Velleius Paterculus ! xiii Virg. Publius Vergilius (Virgil) Maro Aen. Aeneidos Catal. Catalepton (Trifles) Ecl. Eclogae (Eclogues/Bucolics) G. Georgica (Georgics) WWS James, H., William Wetmore Story and His Friends ! xiv Preface The Modern Language Association style has been adopted with one minor variation whereby the medium of publication consulted is only specified in the bibliography when it is from the Internet, otherwise it is always “print.” Although the Oxford World’s Classics series has recently published quite a few of Henry James’s writings with useful texts, introductions and notes, for the sake of consistency the Library of America (LoA) series has been referenced since they have come to be regarded as the standard edition. ! xv Acknowledgments “No man is an island, entire of itself,” writes John Donne, and this project is proof of that statement. My first and greatest thanks must go to my supervisor Prof. Norman Vance for his invaluable advice, knowledge, assistance and support in every facet connected with this dissertation and beyond. I will never forget his limitless patience, humour and belief in my ideas. The University of Sussex in general deserves my thanks as well for its flexibility and understanding, making this international experience run smoothly and effectively, while the library’s website in particular proved invaluable to my research. Even before him and Sussex, however, I am extremely grateful to Profs. William F. Purcell and especially Ve-Yin Tee and David R. Mayer at Nanzan University, where I worked