aPOWM Environmental Impact Forecast | Table of Contents Table of contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Purpose and scope of the document .................................................................................... 14 1.2 The context of aPOWM resulting from the principles of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Water Law ............................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1 Legal assumptions for the development of aPOWM .................................................... 21 1.2.2 Preparation for the development and implementation of aPOWM ............................. 24 1.3 Helsinki Convention and Baltic Sea Action Plan .................................................................... 31 1.3.1 Helsinki Convention ....................................................................................................... 32 1.3.2 Baltic Sea Action Plan .................................................................................................... 33 2 aPOWM characteristics ................................................................................................................. 35 2.1 Information on aPOWM content .......................................................................................... 35 2.2 Information on the objectives of aPOWM ............................................................................ 41 2.3 Links between aPOWM and other strategic documents ...................................................... 45 2.4 Considered aPOWM variants ................................................................................................ 47 3 Assessment methodology ............................................................................................................. 56 3.1 Determination of spatial extent, scope and detail of the analyses ....................................... 56 3.2 Information on the methods used in drawing up the analyses ............................................ 63 4 Environmental objectives set at international, Community and national level relevant to the draft document and how these objectives have been taken into account in the preparation of the document ....................................................................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Identification of environmental objectives relevant to aPOWM .......................................... 76 4.2 How to include the identified environmental protection objectives in aPOWM ................. 76 5 The state of the environment and environmental protection problems in the aPOWM spatial range and Forecasts .............................................................................................................................. 78 5.1 Society and socio-economic potential .................................................................................. 78 5.2 Biodiversity, including protected areas ................................................................................. 81 5.2.1 Biodiversity of the coastal zone .................................................................................... 81 5.2.2 Marine Biodiversity ....................................................................................................... 85 5.2.3 Protected sites ............................................................................................................... 91 5.3 Surface waters ..................................................................................................................... 106 5.3.1 Hydrography ................................................................................................................ 106 5.3.2 Identification of surface water bodies covered by the Forecast ................................. 109 5.3.3 Identification of protected and protective areas indicated in Article 317 (4) of the Water Law ..................................................................................................................................... 114 5.3.4 Assessment of water status and risk of non-achieving the environmental objectives119 Page 2 of 328 aPOWM Environmental Impact Forecast | Table of Contents 5.3.5 Information on the risk of flooding ............................................................................. 133 5.4 Groundwater ....................................................................................................................... 139 5.5 Air and climate .................................................................................................................... 145 5.5.1 Climate in the aPOWM area ........................................................................................ 145 5.5.2 Projected changes and climate variability in Poland ................................................... 165 5.5.3 Air quality .................................................................................................................... 178 5.6 Geological structure and earth surface ............................................................................... 179 5.7 Landscape ............................................................................................................................ 188 5.8 Natural resources ................................................................................................................ 192 5.9 Cultural heritage .................................................................................................................. 195 5.10 Maritime economy and material goods .............................................................................. 205 5.10.1 Fishing .......................................................................................................................... 206 5.10.2 Transport by sea .......................................................................................................... 209 5.10.3 Shipbuilding ................................................................................................................. 216 5.10.4 Wind farms: ................................................................................................................. 216 5.10.5 Military activities ......................................................................................................... 218 5.10.6 Extraction of crude oil and natural gas ....................................................................... 219 6 Environmental problems relevant to the implementation of the aPOWM draft - pressures .... 220 7 Forecast of the state of the environment in the absence of aPOWM implementation ............. 234 8 Anticipated significant impact of aPOWM .................................................................................. 236 8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 236 8.2 Assumed impacts and effects in relation to the objective 'Assuring human health and safety' ............................................................................................................................................. 248 8.3 Expected impacts and effects for the biodiversity objective .............................................. 252 8.4 Expected impacts and effects for the objective 'To promote the achievement or maintenance of good environmental status of marine waters' ............................................................................ 256 8.5 Projected impacts and effects in relation to the objective 'To support the achievement of the environmental objectives for water bodies on land' ...................................................................... 260 8.6 Projected impacts and impacts for the 'Reduce vulnerability and prepare for climate change' objective .......................................................................................................................................... 264 8.7 Expected impacts and effects in relation to the objective 'Protection of the earth surface, including soil' ................................................................................................................................... 267 8.8 Expected impacts and effects for the objective 'Protection and, where possible, enhancement of landscape values' ................................................................................................. 270 8.9 Expected impacts and consequences for the objective 'Protection of cultural heritage, including underwater archaeological sites' ..................................................................................... 274 Page 3 of 328 aPOWM Environmental Impact Forecast | Table of Contents 8.10 Expected impacts and consequences for the 'Economic objectives and protection of high value tangible goods' objective ....................................................................................................... 278 8.11 Interactions and accumulation of impacts .......................................................................... 283 8.11.1 Cumulation of impacts related to aPOWM measures ................................................ 283 8.11.2 Cumulation of impacts with external measures to aPOWM ....................................... 284 8.12 Alternative solutions 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