FUTURE OF INTERNET Future of Internet Bit Bang 4 Bit Bang 4 Bit Bang – Future of Internet: Societal, business, governance and technological aspects was the fourth multidisciplinary postgraduate course for Aalto University doctoral students. A total of 24 students from five Aalto University Schools participated in this two-semester course. The objective of the course was to teach the students teamwork, multidisciplinary collaboration, global perspective, industry and business foresight, and scenario building. In addition to normal class activities the students studied in six person teams factors that influence the future of Internet. Here the students were encouraged to take novel and even radical views. This joint publication contains the final reports of the teamwork assignments. Based on these chapters and other relevant information the course produced four eye opening scenarios on the future of Internet reaching up to 2025. Bit Bang post graduate courses are organised by Aalto University’s Multidisciplinary Institute of Digitalisation and Energy (MIDE). The earlier Bit Bang books are freely available from the MIDE web site. Yrjö Neuvo & Elina Karvonen (eds.) http://mide.aalto.fi ISBN 978-952-60-3610-6 Aalto University’s Multidisciplinary Institute of Digitalisation and Energy (MIDE) Bit Bang IV Future of Internet - Societal, business, governance and technological aspects ISBN 978-952-60-3610-6 (PDF) Cover: Petri Saarikko Layout: Unigrafia / Mari Soini Printed by: Unigrafia, 2012 Table of Contents FOREWORD 4 REFLECTIONS ON BIT BANG 4 7 FUTURE OF INTERNET - SOCIETAL, BUSINESS, GOVERNANCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS 9 Are We All Criminals? 10 Back to the Future – Prediction of Incremental and Disruptive Innovations 33 From Democratizing Innovation to Innovating Democracy 64 Proliferation of the Crowdsourcing Phenomenon 94 Internet, Find Me a Job! 111 Gamification of Life: the Rise of Gaming and Its Effects on Society 133 How to Control the Internet? – A Complexity Perspective 167 Education Reloaded: From Socrates to Udacity. The Consequences of the Internet Changing Human Cognition and Work 192 SCENARIOS 217 Introduction to the Scenarios 218 Internet, Find Me a Cure 219 High Tech Nationalism 225 Internet Kindergarten 230 Trader’s Network 237 APPENDICES 243 1 The Bit Bang People 244 2 Bit Bang Guest Lecturers Autumn 2011–Spring 2012 246 3 Course Literature 247 4 Study Programme in Tokyo 248 5 Tokyo Study Tour Reports 251 Foreword Bit Bang – Future of the Internet: Societal, business, governance and technological aspects was the fourth multidisciplinary post-graduate course for doctoral students at Aalto University. Altogether 24 students were selected from five Aalto University Schools: School of Arts, Design and Architecture; School of Economics; School of Electrical Engineering; School of Engineering; and School of Science. Bit Bang is part of the MIDE (Multidisciplinary Institute of Digitalisation and Energy) research program, which the Helsinki University of Technology started as part of its centennial celebration of university education and research. Professor Yrjö Neuvo, MIDE program leader, Nokia’s former Chief Technology Officer, is the force behind this course. The essential learning aims of the course were teamwork, multidisciplinary col- laboration, global perspective, industry and business foresight, and scenario building. The passing the Bit Bang course required active attendance at the lectures and semi- nars as well as writing this joint publication based on the autumn and spring group works. The texts were written by doctoral students presenting their views. During the academic year 2011–2012, the doctoral students discussed the soci- etal, business, governance and technological phenomena that might affect the future development of the Internet. During the autumn semester, the students produced re- ports on the following four topics: Are We All Criminals?, Back to the Future – Pre- diction of incremental and disruptive innovations, From Democratizing Innovation to Innovating Democracy, and Proliferation of the Crowdsourcing Phenomenon. The textbooks for the autumn semester were the previous Bit Bang publications (I-III) 4 and Wireless Foresight – Scenarios of the mobile world in 2015 by Bo Karlson et al. (2003). Distinguished guest lecturers from industry and academia complemented the textbook material. The spring teamwork topics were: Internet, Find Me a Job!, Gamification of Life: The rise of gaming and its effects on society, How to Control the Internet? – A com- plexity perspective, and Education Reloaded: From Socrates to Udacity. The textbook for the spring semester was Born Digital – Understanding the first generation of digital natives by John Palfrey and Urs Gasser (2008). In addition to the lectures and textbooks, the Bit Bang group made an intensive study tour to Tokyo, Japan. To complement the themes discussed in the reports, the groups also produced short scenarios of the future in the 2020s. As a result, the second part of this book introduces four scenarios – Internet, find me a cure; High Tech Nationalism; Internet Kindergarten; and Trader’s Network – with innovative and eye-opening approaches to the future. We want to give our special thanks to Petri Saarikko for the Tokyo-inspired cover design and Anastasiia Gulimonova for her incisive illustrations in the fifth Chapter, Internet, Find Me a Job. Hopefully the wide-ranging conversations that preceded the chapters will inspire the reader as much as it inspired the writers. We wish you captivating moments with the book! Yrjö Neuvo & Elina Karvonen Bit Bang 5 Reflections on Bit Bang 4 I have to say that it was my strategic mistake to participate in the Bit Bang on my first PhD year. It has most probably ruined all the future courses I planned to partic- ipate. This course is nothing like all other courses I took or will take in future, and I definitely enjoyed it the most. Not only because of eye-opening visiting lectures and extremely interesting follow-up discussions; not only because of our multidisciplinary team and pleasure of being able to make the group actually work as a group; not only because of priceless lessons I’ve learned about managing the work of other people; not only because of our amazing trip to Japan... It’s all this and much more! I was going to say at the end that I was terribly upset about the fact that this year’s Bit Bang was the last one... Luckily, it is not! So, I wish the Bit Bang 5 to be at least as good as Bit Bang 4. I now start feeling jealous of next year’s bitbangers: they have so much interesting stuff ahead of them! And I need to learn how to live with my Wednesday afternoons free. Evgenia Litvinova Bit Bang 7 Future of Internet - Societal, business, governance and technological aspects Are We All Criminals? Andy Best-Dunkley1, Mário Costa2, Hendrik Hielkema3, Suleiman A. Khan4, Evgenia Litvinova5, Kari Visala6, Nam Vu Hoang7, and tutor Timo Kiravuo8 1 Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Media PO Box 31000, FI-00076 Aalto 2 Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics PO Box 13000, FI-00076 Aalto 3 Aalto University School of Economics, Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research PO Box 21225, FI-00076 Aalto 4 Aalto University School of Science, Department of Information and Computer Science PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto 5 Aalto University School of Science, Department of Media Technology PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto 6 Aalto University School of Science / Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto 7 Aalto University School of Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering PO Box 15400, FI-00076 Aalto 8 Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, Department of Communications and Networking PO Box 13000, FI-00076 Aalto {andy.best, mario.costa, hendrik.hielkema, suleiman.khan, evgenia.samochadina, kari.visala, nam.vuhoang, timo.kiravuo}@aalto.fi Abstract Over the last two decades, the Internet has grown into a global network with mil- lions of users, offering our society many new opportunities. At the same time, law and ethics have not evolved alongside and hence do not reflect current online prac- tices. When ordinary people use the Internet, they make decisions based on the law from the physical world, their personal moral principles and the behaviour of people around them. As a result, they can break the law unintentionally or on purpose, or act legally but immorally, therefore becoming criminals. We present three relevant ex- amples, showing how law, ethics and actual behaviour often run into conflict. Then, we analyze the origins of each problem and ordinary people’s motivations for their 10 Are We All Criminals? actions. Finally, we discuss how different sources of regulation, namely law, ethics, the market and technical architecture, can influence the given examples. In this paper, we do not aim to find the optimal solution or predict the future. Instead, we discuss possible ways to regulate the existing situation and how such regulation can lead to the Internet of the future. Keywords: Internet, crime, copyright, hate speech, online privacy, regulation 1 Introduction The word criminal is colloquially used to label a person who intends to or has bro- ken the law, i.e., committed a crime. In this paper, we are especially interested in a wider definition that covers everything in the grey area between legal but immoral behaviour, and illegal but morally or ethically justified actions. We focus on crimes that are committed by ordinary people en masse on the Internet. Such actions are interesting to study in detail since they do not clearly fit into the typical concept of crime. Understanding the causes and consequences of such behaviour can point to the need for making changes in both the norms and the laws of our society or for rethinking the architecture of the Internet. In order to accurately specify the conceptual framework in which we operate, we first define a community as a social pattern, where individuals take different roles.