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University Microfilms international 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler’s Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. r 11îi ü 77-27,445 WEEKS, Stanley Byron, 1948' UNITED STATES DEFENSE POLICY TOWARD SPAIN, 1950-1976, The American IMiversity, Ri.D,, 1977 Political Science, international law and relations Xerox University Microfiims,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 1977 STANLEY BYRON WEEKS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNITED STATES DEFENSE POLICY TOWARD SPAIN, 1950-1976 by Stanley Byron Weeks Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Studies Signature of Committee Chairman : -J f\<^ / > ^ nSlOal chool W / y 7 1 1977 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMEBICm UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Si-WH Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This study evolved from a long personal association and interest in U.S. policy toward Spain. My fascination with the subject of U.S.-Spanish relations began when I lived on the Rota naval base from 1962 to 1965. My scholarly explorations of the complex U.S. relationship with Spain began in 1970 when I wrote a study of U.S. pol­ icy toward Spain as a Trident Scholar during my last year at the U.S. Naval Academy. In 1974 I resumed my writing on this topic as a M.A. student at the School of International Service at The American University. This study is more than just the culmination of years of personal interest and writing on U.S. policy toward Spain. It is a tribute to those who through the years have helped me to understand— and to write about— U.S. foreign policy. These include Dr. Arnold Spinner— who opened a high school student's eyes to the world; Dr. Pope Atkins, of the U.S. Naval Academy— my Trident Scholar advisor in 1969-1970, and always a friend and academic men­ tor whose sage counsel I value greatly; Dr. William Cromwell— who has been my academic advisor during both my M.A. and Ph.D. work at The American University and who broadened both my knowledge and interest in Western Europe; and Dr. John Finan— who supervised both my M.A. writing and iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. XV this dissertation, with patience and sound advice. I am also indebted to four foreign service officers who shared with me their intimate knowledge and unique perspective on U.S. relations with Spain— Ambler Moss and Henry McCown, both former Spanish Desk officers; Art Briesky, Counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Madrid for Political/Military Affairs since 1975; and Ray Caldwell, Second Secretary for Political Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Madrid since 1976. I also owe a deep debt of gratitude to my Spanish friends, who have helped me to understand the Spanish per­ spective on U.S.-Spanish relations; Julian and Lidia Sânchez Garcia, Luis and Cristina de la Rasilla Sânchez- Arjona, and Manolo AlcSntara. I am particularly grateful to Dr. William Salisbury of the University of South Carolina, who made possible my attendance at the conference on Iberia of the Institute for the Study of Conflict in London in May 1975. Dr. Salisbury has also been of great help to me in identifying research sources. I would also like to thank for their assistance to me in identifying research sources— Mr. Robert Swetzer, the Historian of the Sixteenth Air Force in Torrej6n Spain; Mr. Everette Larson of the Latin American, Portuguese, and Spanish section of the Library of Congress; and Mr. Arthur Cogan of the Department of State Freedom of Information Staff, who helped me to obtain the declassification of an important policy paper on Spain. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V I would like to express my special appreciation to the U.S. Navy and the George Olmsted Foundation. They supported me under the Olmsted Scholarship Program during my 1974-1976 stay in Spain as a graduate student at the Faculty of Political Science of the University of Madrid, and again during my 1976-1977 Ph.D. studies at The American University. Of course, neither the U.S. Navy nor the Olmsted Foundation bear any responsibility for the contents of this study, nor do they necessarily share the views expressed in the study. For direct supervision of this study, I am indebted to Dr. John Finan and Dr. William C. Cromwell of The American University and to former Ambassador to Spain Robert F. Woodward. The final responsibility for what is written here, of course, remains with the author. I acknowledge my deepest debt of gratitude and dedicate this work: To Charles and Evelyn Weeks, who without benefit of college stimulated my intellectual curiosities and cimbi- tions from the earliest days of childhood. To their efforts I owe my first exposure to Spain. They have been an unfailing source of support and understanding, and I owe them a debt of love and gratitude which I cannot begin to express, much less to repay. To my beloved wife Kathie, whose love, intellectual companionship, shared enthusiasm for Spain, and confidence in me has been my greatest source of comfort and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VI inspiration. This study could never have been completed this summer without her patience and incredible efforts in typing the draft. And, finally, to our unborn child— whose concern will be the future, but who may someday glance at his Dad's musings on the past. Stanley Byron Weeks Washington, D. C. July 6, 1977 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION................................ 1 Analytical Framework........................ 3 Organization................................ 7 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................ 14 Early Relations............................... 14 The Spanish-American War.......................17 The Spanish Civil W a r ......................... 19 The Isolation of Spain......................... 26 3 ALLIANCE MAKING, 1950-1953.................... 39 The Abandonment of Ostracism, 1947-1950 . 40 Franco's Washington Lobbyists ............ 40 Congress..................................... 42 The Military................................. 49 The State Department.........................51 President Truman............................. 64 Bases in Spain, 1950-1951 .................. 69 Spanish Policy................................. 88 U.S. Negotiations with Spain, 1951-1953 . 94 The Pact of Madrid........................... 104 Reaction to the Pact of Madrid................ 108 Conclusions.................................. Ill 4 FRIENDSHIP AND RENEWAL, 1963.................. 124 The Bases in Spain............................ 125 The Strategic Rationale for Spanish Bases . 129 U.S. Aid to S p a i n ............................ 138 The Political Honeymoon .................... 144 Spanish Policy................................ 151 The 1963 Renewal Negotiations............... 153 The 1963 Agreements ................. 161 Reaction to the 1963 Renewal.................. 163 Conclusions.................................. 165 5 AN ERA OF NEGOTIATIONS: U.S. POLICY TOWARD SPAIN, 1963-1970 ...................... 173 U.S.-Spanish