Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition PART 2 TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 2-1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 2-1 Role of Transit .................................................................................................................. 2-1 Dominance of Large Systems......................................................................................... 2-2 Statistics ............................................................................................................................ 2-3 CHAPTER 2. BUS TRANSIT ........................................................................................... 2-5 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 2-5 Service Types.................................................................................................................... 2-5 Fixed-Route .................................................................................................................. 2-5 Demand-Responsive ................................................................................................... 2-5 Deviated Fixed-Route ................................................................................................. 2-7 Rural and Intercity....................................................................................................... 2-7 Other Modes................................................................................................................. 2-7 Operating Environments ................................................................................................ 2-7 Segregated Right-of-Way ........................................................................................... 2-8 High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes.................................................................... 2-9 Arterial Street Bus Lanes ............................................................................................ 2-9 Mixed Traffic.............................................................................................................. 2-10 Vehicle Types ................................................................................................................. 2-11 Observed Bus and Passenger Flows............................................................................ 2-13 Streets and Highways ............................................................................................... 2-13 Terminals .................................................................................................................... 2-14 Bus Priority Treatments ................................................................................................ 2-14 Bus Rapid Transit .......................................................................................................... 2-15 Description ................................................................................................................. 2-15 Applications ............................................................................................................... 2-16 CHAPTER 3. RAIL TRANSIT........................................................................................ 2-17 Overview ........................................................................................................................2-17 Operating Environments .............................................................................................. 2-18 Exclusive Right-of-Way ............................................................................................ 2-18 Segregated Right-of-Way ......................................................................................... 2-18 Shared Right-of-Way................................................................................................. 2-18 Rail Modes......................................................................................................................2-18 Heavy Rail .................................................................................................................. 2-18 Part 2/TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA Page 2-i Contents Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition Light Rail Transit ....................................................................................................... 2-21 Commuter Rail........................................................................................................... 2-24 Automated Guideway Transit (AGT)..................................................................... 2-27 Monorail ..................................................................................................................... 2-29 Funiculars, Inclines, and Elevators.......................................................................... 2-30 Aerial Ropeways........................................................................................................ 2-32 Cable Cars................................................................................................................... 2-35 CHAPTER 4. FERRY TRANSIT..................................................................................... 2-37 Overview ........................................................................................................................2-37 Service and Vessel Types.............................................................................................. 2-37 Urban Services ........................................................................................................... 2-38 Coastal Services ......................................................................................................... 2-38 Rural Services............................................................................................................. 2-38 Vessel Types............................................................................................................... 2-38 Ridership......................................................................................................................... 2-40 CHAPTER 5. STOPS, STATIONS, AND TERMINALS ........................................... 2-41 Overview ........................................................................................................................2-41 Transit Stop Types......................................................................................................... 2-41 Bus Stops..................................................................................................................... 2-42 Transit Stations .......................................................................................................... 2-42 Transit Centers........................................................................................................... 2-42 Intermodal Terminals ............................................................................................... 2-42 CHAPTER 6. REFERENCES........................................................................................... 2-43 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 2-1 U.S. Transit Systems by Size Grouping (2000) ...................................... 2-3 Exhibit 2-2 U.S. Public Transportation Providers by Mode (2000)......................... 2-3 Exhibit 2-3 Public Transit Ridership in the United States by Mode (2000) ........... 2-4 Exhibit 2-4 Top 10 U.S. and Top 5 Canadian Bus Systems Based on Annual Ridership ................................................................................................... 2-5 Exhibit 2-5 Paratransit Service Type Comparison.................................................... 2-6 Exhibit 2-6 DRT Service Pattern Types ...................................................................... 2-6 Exhibit 2-7 Busway Examples ..................................................................................... 2-8 Exhibit 2-8 HOV Lane Examples ................................................................................ 2-9 Exhibit 2-9 Arterial Street Bus Lane Examples........................................................ 2-10 Exhibit 2-10 Mixed-Traffic Operation ........................................................................ 2-10 Exhibit 2-11 Non-Rail Vehicles in Active Transit Service in the U.S. (2000) ......... 2-11 Contents Page 2-ii Part 2/TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition Exhibit 2-12 Examples of Buses Used in Fixed-Route Service ................................ 2-12 Exhibit 2-13 Examples of Vehicles Used in Demand-Responsive Service............. 2-13 Exhibit 2-14 Observed Peak Direction Peak Hour Passenger Volumes on U.S. and Canadian Bus Transit Routes (1995-97)........................................ 2-13 Exhibit 2-15 North American BRT Applications (2002)........................................... 2-16 Exhibit 2-16 North American Rail Ridership by Mode (2000) ................................ 2-17 Exhibit 2-17 National Transit Ridership Summary (2000)....................................... 2-17 Exhibit 2-18 Comparison of Key North American Rail Mode Statistics (1995) .... 2-17 Exhibit 2-19 Heavy Rail Examples.............................................................................. 2-19 Exhibit 2-20 North American Heavy Rail