http://www.paper.edu.cn 浙 江 林 学 院 学 报 2003，20(1)：32—36 Journa l of Zh ejiang F orestry C ollege A rticle ID ：1000—5692(2003)01—0032—05 S tud y of system ic statu s of M yCetO p h -Iida e W A N G Y i—ping ，W U H ong ，X U H ua—chao (Institute of Forest Protection ，Zhejiang Forestry C ollege ，L in’an 311300 ．Zhejiang ．C hina ) A bstract：T he actuality of M ycetoph ilidae fam ily research has been illustrated in detail． T11e research includes biology ， classification an d idenfication ， geograp hical distribution ， status of system ic classification and system developm ent． Th e existed prob lem s and expectation are also explored in the pap er ．A ccordin g to the latest inform ation ， M ycetop hilidae fam ily is com p osed of 5 subfam ilies ， i． e ， M ycom yinae， Sciophilinae， G noristinae， Leiinae and M ycetophilinae ． M ycetophilinae includes 2 tribes ：E xechiini an d M ycetophilini． R efeFences 2 8 K ey w o rd s ： M ycetophilidae ；geograp hical d istrib ution ； clas sification status CLC Number：Q969．44 Document Code：A Th e fami ly M ycetoph ilidae belon gs to the superfam ily S ciaroidea in the order D iptera ， w h ich is th e largest fami ly in the superfami ly S ciaroidea⋯ ． B ecause of this insects feeding on edible fungi or large fungus body ， a lot of scholars have been involved in th e research on fungu s pest species ， and great progress in research on fungu s gn ats has b een m ade ． B ased on research results an d literature published at hom e and ab road in the pas t tw o decades ， the authors m ak e a sum m arization on the situation of the fam ily M )’cetophilidae insect species ， includ ing the b iology ， geograp hy distribution ， classification ， ph ylogeny and m ake a forecast for the existing problems in the hope of provid ing som e fundam ental system ic m aterials for both theoretical research and practical application in the field o f co n trol of ed ible fun gu s p ests【卜151 ． 1 The generation 1 ．1 B iology M ycetoph ilidae insects are com m on in m ost hu m ids hab itats ， particularly in w oodlands ， both in the tropics and in the tem perature regions ．Fo r the large ma jority of species their larva are unknown ，b ut n um erous species have larvae living in fruiting bod ies of various fungi or on m ycelium penetrating rotting plant m aterials ． Larvae not spinnin g a w eb ； u su ally feedin g intem ally bearin g som e sort of case of form ed of excrem ent． D ue to their sma ll size and a h idden life ，fungus gn ats have not caught en ough attention of ecoilgists and system atists ． R eelered date ：2002．08 ．3l： Revised date ：2002．II-08 Foundation item ： p ex：t supported hy N ational N atura1 ．Science．Fou ndation of C hina (30070 102) B iography ：W A N G Y i—ping ( 197 1 一 )， m ale ( the M ongolian nationality ) ， born in K azuo of L iaonlng ， Lecturer， M aster， specializing in system a tic inse ct a nd b iolog ica l c on tro1 ． 转载 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 第 20 卷第 1 期 W A N G Y i—ping et al：Study of system ic status of M ycetophilidae 33 1 ．2 Z OO g e O g ra ph ic d istrib utio n M yc eto D h ilid a e o c cu rs o n a ll c o n tin en ta l areas ex ce p t a n tra ctic a n d o n m ost o ce an ic isla n d s ． H ow ev er ， on ly a few stu d ie s d ea lin g w ith th e b io geo g ra p h y o f m y ce to p h ilid s h av e b ee n p u b lish ed am on g th em u p to n ow 引 ． G ag n e [10]stu d ied th e fau n a co m p o sitio n in E u rop ea n re gio n a n d th e re su lt s ho w ed th at fa u n a o f m y c eto p h ilid s in ． E a ste rn N e a rctic is m o re s im ilar to th e E u ro p ea n fa u n a th a n to th e w e stern ． A t p re se n t， th e d ata o n g en era a n d th e n u m b ers of sp e cie s ta k en fro m th e v ari o u s re g io n a l c a ta lo g u e s a re o n ly fo u n d in N ea rc tic fa u n a l2] D im ita r d isc u ss ed th e c o m po sitio n of th e fu n gu s gn at ab o u t fau n a o f th e P al ae arctic ． region ，and considered m ost of the genera to be of boreal (H olarctic) ori gin ． A b o u t 3 5 0 0 sp e cies h a v e b e en d e sc ri b ed in 1 3 6 g en e ra so fa r ， b u t th e re are u n d o u b te d ly m u ch m o re sp e cie s tha t a re still u n d e sc rib ed in th e w o rld ． 1 ．3 E co no m ic s ign ifica nc e W ith th e ra p id d ev elo p m e n t o f ed ib le fu n gu s c u ltu re ， fu n g u s gn a ts h a v e b eco m e to b e of th e ec on o mi c im p o rta n c e ． L arva e fe ed o n b o d y fu n g i o f all k in d s ， w h ich d a m ag e to va ri o u s s tru c tu re s an d tissu es of th e fu n gu s ． T hu s ， larva e m a k e o n the g ro w th vig or o f ed ib le fu n gu s d e cre as e d an d th e yie ld of th e fu n g u s lo w e red ． It’s c o m m o n th at al l th e fu n gu s tissu es ， s po res w e re ea te n u p w ere re su lted b y fu n gu s gn a ts p est ， an d g re at losses o f ed ib le fu n g u s p rod u tion ． A lth o u g h ad u lts d o n ’t fe ed o n．ed ib le d lrcetly ， th e y ca rt sp rea d all so rts o f p a th og e n ic m ic roo rg an ism s ， n e m a to d e s ， mi tes an d s o on ． T h e refo re ， th e y h av e a b ad ly i m p a ct o n th e q u a lity of ed ib le fu n gu s a n d h u m an b e in g h ea lth ． 2 R esearch on classification statu s of M yc et0p h ilid ae S in c e th e fi rst fu n gu s gn ats s p ec ies in w o rld w as d e scri b ed b y D e c te e r ， stu d ies o n c lassifi c a tio n o f it h av e b e en e xp lo ite d ． F ro m th e n o n ， th e re a re a lot of sc h o lars in vo lv ed in th e rese arch o n th e fa mi ly M yc eto p h ilid ae ， an d se v era l g en e ra a n d sp e cies ha v e b ee n d esc ri b ed 【 ． W in n ertz w as fi rs t sc h o lar to stu d y th e c lassifi catio n sy ste m o n th e fa m ily M y ce top h ilid a e ， a n d d iv id ed it in to sev en su b fa mi lies ac co rd in g to w in g ve n atio n ， wi n g setae an d trichia ， ocellus numb er， ocellus position ， an d so on ， and added up to 1 8 genera one of them includ ed his f0und 1 3 ge n e ra in th e fa m ily M y ce to p h ilid ae ⋯ T h e system of c las sifi catio n co n stru cte d b a sic al fram ew o rk o n h igh tax on ． in th e fa m ily M yc eto p h ilid a e h a ve b ee n ad o p ted b y s ev eral sch o la r ． L a ter m a n y n ew g en e ra w e re fo u n d b y so m e s ch o lar ． It is k n o w th a t th ere a re 2 7 g en e ra in th e fami ly b y th e e nd in g o f 1 9 c en tu ry ． In th e early 2 0th centu ry ， Johannsen exam ined the genera of M ycetop hilidae ， and considered that A llodia W in n e rt z a n d B ra ch y co m p ta set b y W in n e~ z s h ou ld n o t b e trea ted a s ge n e ra b ec au s e o f th e s ho rt ag e o f a d e q u ate ev id e n c e o n ly b as ed o n th e fi n a l wi n g fo rk an d len gth of v e n atio n [ M ean w h ile ． h e re c ogn ized th at ． B ra c hy ca m p ta W in n ert z sh o u ld b e trea ted as a su b ge n u s in A llo d ia W in n e rt z ， an d p ro p o sed th a t ge n u s B revieo rn u M a rs h al l sh o u ld b e m e rg ed in to th e g e n u s C o rd y la M eign ． T h u s th ere w e re 2 5 g e n e ra in M y ceto p h ilid a e d efi n e d b y Johann sen ． E d w a rd s fi rstly p u t fo rw ard th e view p o in t w h ic h th e te xtu re of th o ra cic s eg m en t sc le rite sh o w s d ec isiv e sign ifi c a n c e to g e n e ri c cla ssifi c atio n wi th in th e s u b fa m ily M y c eto p h ilin a e ， a n d s yste m a tic a lly rese arch e d th e fa u n a o f fu n gu s g n a ts sp ec ies in E n la n d ． H e d iv id e d th e fa m ily M yc eto p h ilid ae in to 10 su b fa mi lie s a cco rd in g to seta e o f w in g s ， th o rax ， le gs ， w in g ve n atio n ， o c ellu s n u m b er ， oc e llu s p o sitio n a s w e ll as v e n tra l d istal ， n a m ely B o lito p h ilin ae ， K ero p latin ae ， D iad oc id iin a e ， D ito m y iin ae ， L yg isto rh in in a e ， M ac ro c erin a e ， M an o tin a e ， M ycetophiJinae ， Sciarinae ， Scioph ilin ae ．H is classifi cation s3 stem ap pears relatively reas onbale ． H e al so d ivided th e su b fa mi l)，M y ce to p h ilin a e in to tw o tri b es n a m ely E x ec h in i an d M )，c eto p h ilin i a cc ord in g to m ese p istern u m b ri stle ， a nd a m e n d e d cla ssifi c atio n p o sition of th e g en e ra in tw o trib e s m en tio n ed ab o v e ． H e th o u g h t th a t ge n e ra M y co the ra ， O p isth o lob a an d P lasta cep h a la sho u ld b e m e rge d in to M y cetop h ica ； E x ech ia s ho u ld b e d iv id ed in to 2 gro u p s b as in g o n c h a n g es o f ve n atio n ； S y n p la sta a n d B revico m u sho u ld b e m erg ed in to A llo d ia ；P a ch )p a lp us sh ou ld m erg ed in to 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn 浙 江 林 学 院 学 报 2003 年 3 月 C ordy la ， a n d T elm ap h ilus in to P h ro n ia ； ra ise d th e g en u s L yg isto w h in a to th e le v el o f th e su b fam ily L yg isterrh in in a e ； ra ise d th e g en u s M a n ota to th e le vel of th e su b fa m ily M a no tin a e ． E d w a rd s ’s d ivid e d syste m is as fo llo w s ： th e tri b e E xe ch iin i co n sists of 5 g e n era A na tella W in n e rtz 1 8 6 3 ， A llod ia W in n ertz 1 8 6 3 ， B ra ch yp eza W in n ertz 1 8 6 3 ， E x ec h ia W in n e rtz 18 6 3 ， R hy m soia W in n e rtz 18 6 3 ， th e trib le M yc eto p h ilin i is c o m p o se d of 2 0 gen era B rachvd icrania Sk use 1 8 88 ， C ordyla M eigen 1 80 3 ， D elop sis S kuse 1 890 ， z))，， ￡DsD，n口 W inn ertz 1 863 ， ／cy p ta W in n ertz 1 86 3 ， M a c ro brac h ius D zied zic k i 1 8 8 9 ， M a n o ta W illisto n 1 8 9 6 ， M y ce top h ila M eig en 1 8 0 3 ， M ycothera M eigen 1803 ， Lygistorrhina Skuse 1980 ， Opistholoba M ik 1891， ^ 0 M acquart 1834 ， P a la eotric ho n ta M