Chapter: 1. Introduction A mineral wise District Survey Report (DSR) of Jhabua district for sand mining and mining for other minor minerals has been prepared as mentioned in the Gazette of India (Extraordinary) published in the Para 7 (ii) annexure 10 of the notification, dated 15 January 2016, released by the Ministry of Climate Change, Forest and Environment, Govt. of India. Jhabua is a predominantly tribal district located in the western part of Madhya Pradesh. It is surrounded by south western part of Panchmahal and Baroda District of Gujarat, Banswara district of Rajasthan, and Alirajpur, Dhar and Ratlam districts of Madhya Pradesh. The Bhil and Bhilala peoples inhabit the interior of the district. The Bhil tribe is one of the most important and the third largest tribe of India. The name has been derived from Dravidian word “Bil or Vil” meaning bow because they always keep bow & arrow for hunting. It has extends from North latitudes 210 55' 23‖ to 230 17' 18‖ and between the East longitudes 740 01' 52‖ and 750 00' 52‖ and cover by the parts of Survey of India degree sheet no. 46 I, 46 J and 46 K. The Jhabua district occupies 45th rank in the state in terms of area having 3388 km2 which is 1.16 percent of the total area of Madhya Pradesh. 1.1 Objective of District Survey Report The District Survey Report has been formed on the basis for application of environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The District Survey Report (DSR) has been prepared for each minor mineral in the district separately. DSR is drafted and placed in the public domain by keeping its copy in Collectorate and posting it on district’s website for twenty one days. The comments received shall be considered and if found fit, shall be incorporated in the final Report to be finalised within six months by the DEIAA. The Report shall be updated once every five years. District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 1 Sustainable Sand Mining Guideline is to ensure the following: 1. Identified areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed. 2. Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures. 3. Installations where mining should be prohibited and 4. Calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for Sand replenishment after mining in that area. 1.2 Connectivity of District Jhabua is well connected through national highway (NH-47) from Ahmadabad and Indore, which passes in the central and east west part of district. Two state highways pass through Jhabua district - (1) SH-18 and (2) SH-39. Connectivity through different modes of transportation is given below:- 1.2.1 Bus Service Regular bus service is available to Jhabua from other major cities of the State. 1.2.2 Railway Jhabua does not have any Railway station. Nearest station is Meghnagar. City Nearest Railway Station Distance Jhabua Meghnagar (MGN), Meghnagar, Madhya Pradesh 16 km away Jhabua Thandla Road (THDR), Thandla Rd, Madhya 22 m away Pradesh District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 2 Map No. 1 Base map of Jhabua District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 3 1.3 Flora and Fauna 1.3.1 Flora There are a number of medicinal plants that can be utilised for curing physical ailments and diseases through the Indian System of Medicine (ISM). There are several levels of health traditions in the indigenous health system of the adivasi communities in India, In Jhabua district Bhil and Bhilala primarily depend upon medicinal plants of their surrounding for treatment of their ailments. Living close to nature these tribal communities have acquired unique knowledge about the uses of wild flora and fauna. These communities have selected useful and harmful members of the surrounding vegetation. The tribal Medicine- Men of Jhabua, called Barwas in Bhilli language, enormously knowledgeable about the economically useful plant, know about the major sites where such plants can be found, the collection methods, time of collection as also methods of preservation for use during off season. Barwas gives traditional treatment with medicinal herbs for a wide variety of ecological diseases and ailments ranging from Rheumatism, Paralysis, Epilepsy, Leprosy, Jaundice, Diabetes and Malaria to Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Chronic constipation, Dysentery and Diarrhoea. They also treat various skin diseases, women's diseases and bone ailments. And above all, one interesting thing is that they claim to use some kind of a 'herbal oral contraceptive' for the females to regulate their fertility The plants, which are commonly used by Bhil adivasi community for preparation of herbal drugs frequently, grow in their own geographical area. Some important medicinal plants used by them are: Sarpgandha (Rawolfia serpentina) Sanjiwani (Selaginella bryopteris) Sanai (Cassia angustifolia) Amaltas.(Cassia fistula) Asvagandha (Withania somnifera) Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Satavari (Aspargus racemosus) Bahera (Terminalia bellerica) Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 4 Mulethee (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Dhak (Butea monosperma) Brahami Buti (Centella asiatica) Castor (Ricinus communis) Shankpushpi (Evolvulus alsinoides) Lajwanti (Mimosa pudica) Barahmi (Bacopa monniera) Poppy (Papaver somniferum) Table 1: Ethno medicinal uses of plants used by the tribes of Jhabua Plants Local Name Uses Atylosis scorbeoids (L.) Treatment of diarrhoea in cattle Kulthi Benth: (Papilionaceae) Alangium salvifolium The poultice of leaves is applied on Linn: (Alangiaceae) joints to relieve he rheumatic pain. Ankol The powder of root bark is given with milk for the treatment of fever Abrus precatories Linn: Seeds to treat diabetes, ingredients (Fabaceae) to treat leucoderma, scratches & Jurug wound caused by dogs, cats and mice. Acacia catechu (Linn.f.) The bark of the tree is used in Khair Willd: (Mimosaceae) chronic diarrhoea Aristolochiyabracteolate Root powder is given for (Lam) Kidamar abortification & leaves powder is (Aristolochiaceae) given in snake bite. Asparagus racemosus Root powder is used to increase Satavar Willd: (Liliaceae) vigour, strength and lactation .Barleria prionits Linn : Twinge powder is used for (Acanthaceae) toothache. The leaves are used to promote healing of wounds and to Vajradanti relieve joint pain. A mouthwash made by tribal people from root tissue and it is used to treat bleeding gums Bauchinia variegata Bark is used in skin disease.pod is Kachnar Linn: (Caesalpiniaceae) used in diarrhoea Bryonia laciniosa Linn: Seeds are used to cure sterility in Shivlingi (Cucubitaceae) women Balanites aegyptiaca(L.) Rip fruit pulp is mixed in cow’s Delile: (Balanitaceae) Hingot milk and given it twice in a day to children suffering from pneumonia. Celastrus paniculata Uses: the seed oil is used for Malkangni willd: (Celastraceae) massage on joints of body to relieve rheumatic pain. Cissus quadrangularis Stem paste is used to joint bone Harjori Linn:(Vitaceae) fracture, obesity and associated oxidative stress and juice is given District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 5 Plants Local Name Uses in asthma. Clitoria ternatea The root of the plant is used to Aprajita Linn:(Fabaceae) remove stone in Gall bladder Cocculus hirsutus :( L.) Root extract is given to cure Bachaniyo Diels: (Menispermaceae leucorrhoea & fruit is used for dye Curcuma aromatic The rhizome is used in common Jangli haldi salisb: (Zinziberaceae) cold and digestion Chlorophytum The roots of the plant are used for arundinaceum Barke: general weakness, as tonic and Safed musli (Liliaceae) aphrodisiac. tender leaves are used as vegetable by the tribal’s Drimiaindica (Roxb.) Leaves are used to vegetable and Jangli Jesop: (Liliaceae) leaves paste is applied on skin in Kando sun stoke Eclipta alba Linn: Applied with oil to reduce greying of Bhringraj (Asteraceae) hair and hairless Gymnoma olyvestre The powder of dried leaves is given Retz : (Asclepiadaceae) Gurmar with water for the treatment of diabetes. Helicteres isora Linn: The powder of fruit is given with (Sterculiaceae) water and salt for the treatment of Marodphali digestive disorder. The powder of root is used for diabetes and skin diseases. Holarrhena Bark extract is given in diarrhoea.& antidysenterica Wall: bark powder is given in the (Apocynaceae) treatment of piles and the bark Kurchi powder is given with cow milk for the treatment of urinary troubles & skin diseases. Mucuna pruriens (L.)DC Leaves juice is used for ulcers. The : (Leguminaceae) roots decoctionis used for the Kauch treatment of fevers, purifiers blood and asthma, cough and stone in the bladder. Nyctanthus arbortritis The paste of leaves is applied joints Linn:(Oleaceae) for the treatment of rheumatism Harsingar and the juice of leaves is given for sciatica. Pongamia pinnata The seed oil is applied on skin (Linn.) Pierre : Karanj eruptions and eczema. (Papilionaceae): Tinospora cardiofolia The juice of stem is taken orally as (Willd.) Miers ex Gurbel or tonic. After long illness, juice of the Hook.f.& Thorms: Giloe plant removes the weakness along (Menispermaceae) with side effects of antibiotic Drimiaindica (Roxb.) Jangli Leaves are used to vegetable and District Survey Report, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh Page 6 Plants Local Name Uses Jesop: (Liliaceae) Kando leaves paste is applied on skin in sun stoke Eclipta alba Linn: Applied with oil to reduce greying Bhringraj (Asteraceae) of hair and hairless 1.3.1 Flora The Jhabua district has mainly the forest area which allows biodiversity to survive easily. Therefore there are wide species of fauna is available like tigers, rabbit, Neelgai, panther and bears is to be found. 1.4 Topography The terrain is hilly, undulating typically known as ―Jhabua hills topography‖. Most of the cultivated area is trapped between the hills forming the valleys. The area is well water divided and criss-crossed by a number of streams, rivers and rivulet. 1.5 Geomorphology Geomorphic surface in the Jhabua terrain is form by Vindhyan hills and Malwa plateau. The terrain is hilly and undulating due to differential erosion of hard rock especially weathering of basalt.