Advanced Placement Biology Summer Assignment Textbook: Biology 5th & 8th edition and by Campbell, Reece and Mitchell. The 8th edition book must be checked out from the library by June 8th. Assignment: Read chapters 50-53. Define the Key Terms and answer the Objective Questions for each chapter. All 3 chapters (6 assignments) are due the 1st day of school. There will be a quiz on the 2st day of school covering chapters 50-53. Join Google Classroom with the code “mexeu8” and access the pdf. Eventually the Key Terms and Objectives can be found at the Haiku website. Click on “AP Biology” and then click on “Ch. 33-55 lecture notes”. Scroll down to Ch.50. The homework will be found on the 1st or 2nd page of each chapter. Please DO NOT type any homework assignments due to rampant plagiarisms in previous years and place each of the 6 assignments on separate pages. Any questions about the assignments can be asked through my email: [email protected]. Please note that online homework chapter numbers do not align with new textbook chapter numbers due to the author dying before publishing new homework. Please realize that Advance Placement Biology is a University level biology class for biology majors. It requires a very significant commitment of time, energy, maturity and dedication to the class to succeed. I hope you have fun and safe summer, see you in September. Mr. Reta CHAPTER 33 INVERTEBRATES OUTLINE I. The Parazoa A. Phylum Porifera: sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes II. The Radiata A. Phylum Cnidaria: cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes B. Phylum Ctenophora: comb jellies possess rows of ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts III. The Acoelomates A. Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms are dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates IV. The Pseudocoelomates A. Phylum Rotifera: rotifers have jaws and a crown of cilia B. Phylum Nematoda: roundworms are unsegmented and cylindrical with tapered ends V. The Coelomates: Protostomes A. Phylum Nemertea: The phylogenetic position of proboscis worms is uncertain B. The lophophorate phyla: bryozoans, phoronids, and brachiopods have ciliated tentacles around their mouths C. Phylum Mollusca: mollusks have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle D. Phylum Annelida: annelids are segmented worms E. Phylum Arthropoda: arthropods have regional segmentation, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton VI. The Coelomates: Deuterostomes A. Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoderms have a water vascular system and secondary radial symmetry B. Phylum Chordata: the chordates include two invertebrate subphyla and all vertebrates OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter and attending lecture, the student should be able to: 1. From a diagram, identify the parts of a sponge and describe the function of each including the spongocoel, porocyte, epidermis, choanocyte, mesohyl, amoebocyte, osculum, and spicule. 2. List characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla. 3. Describe the two basic body plans in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life cycles. 4. List the three classes of Cnidaria and distinguish among them based upon life cycle and 476 Unit V The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity morphological characteristics. 5. List characteristics of the phylum Ctenophora that distinguish it from the other animal phyla. 6. List characteristics that are shared by all bilaterally symmetrical animals. 7. List characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla. 8. Distinguish among the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each. 9. Describe the generalized life cycle of a trematode and give an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans. 10. Describe the anatomy and generalized life cycle of a tapeworm. 11. List distinguishing characteristics descriptive of the phylum Nemertea. 12. Explain why biologists believe proboscis worms evolved from flatworms. 13. Describe features of digestive and circulatory systems that have evolved in the Nemertea and are not found in other acoelomate phyla. 14. Describe unique features of rotifers that distinguish them from other pseudocoelomates. 15. Define parthenogenesis and describe alternative forms of rotifer reproduction. 16. List characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other pseudocoelomates. 17. Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes. 18. List characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla. 19. Describe the basic body plan of a mollusk and explain how it has been modified in the Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda. 20. Distinguish among the following four Molluscan classes and give examples of each: a. Polyplacophora c. Bivalvia b. Gastropoda d. Cephalopoda 21. Explain why some zoologists believe the mollusks evolved from ancestral annelids while others propose that mollusks arose from flatworm-like ancestors. 22. List characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from the other animal phyla. 23. Explain how a fluid-filled septate coelom is used by annelids for burrowing. 24. Distinguish among the classes of annelids and give examples of each. 25. List characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla. 26. Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton. 27. Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom. 28. Provide evidence for an evolutionary link between the Annelida and Arthropoda. 29. Describe major independent arthropod lines of evolution represented by the subphyla: a. Trilobitomorpha c. Crustacea b. Cheliceriformes d. Uniramia 30. Explain what arthropod structure was a preadaptation for living on land. 31. Distinguish among the following arthropod classes and give an example of each: a. Arachnida d. Chilopoda b. Crustacea e. Insecta c. Diplopoda 32. Distinguish between incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis. 33. Define lophophore and list three lophophorate phyla. 34. Explain why lophophorates are difficult to assign as protostomes or deuterostomes. 35. List at least four characteristics shared by the deuterostome phyla that distinguish them from protostomes. Chapter 33 Invertebrates 477 36. List characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla. 37. Describe the structures and function of a water vascular system, including ring canal, radial canal, tube feet and ampulla. 38. Distinguish among the classes of echinoderms and give examples of each. KEY TERMS invertebrates parthenogenesis cuticle Class Insecta spongocoel closed circulatory exoskeleton entomology osculum system molting Malpighian tubules choanocyte lophophorate animals open circulatory system tracheal system mesohyl lophophore trilobite incomplete amoebocyte bryozoans Chelicerates metamorphosis hermaphrodites phoronids Uniramians complete gastrovascular cavity brachiopods Crustaceans metamorphosis polyp foot chelicerae echinoderms medusa visceral mass mandibles water vascular system cnidocytes mantle antennae tube feet cnidae mantle cavity compound eyes nematocysts radula eurypterids colloblasts trochophore Class Arachnida planarian torsion book lungs complete digestive ammonites Class Diplodia metanephridia tract Class Chilopodia LECTURE NOTES Over one million species of animals are living today; 95% of these are invertebrates. • Most are aquatic. • The most familiar belong to the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. This is only about 5% of the total. I. The Parazoa A. Phylum Porifera: sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes The sponges, in the phylum Porifera, are the only members of the subkingdom Parazoa due to their unique development and simple anatomy (see Campbell, Figure 33.1). • Approximately 9000 species, mostly marine with only about 100 in fresh water • Lack true tissues and organs, and contain only two layers of loosely associated unspecialized cells • No nerves or muscles, but individual cells detect and react to environmental changes • Size ranges from 1 cm to 2 m • All are suspension-feeders (= filter-feeders) • Possibly evolved from colonial choanoflagellates Parts of the sponge include (see Campbell, Figure 33.2): • Spongocoel = Central cavity of sponge • Osculum = Larger excurrent opening of the spongocoel • Epidermis = Single layer of flattened cells which forms outer surface of the sponge 478 Unit V The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity • Porocyte = Cells which form pores; possess a hollow channel through the center which extends from the outer surface (incurrent pore) to spongocoel • Choanocyte = Collar cell, majority of cells which line the spongocoel; possess a flagellum which is ringed by a collar of fingerlike projections. Flagellar movement moves water and food particles which are trapped on the collar and later phagocytized. • Mesohyl = The gelatinous layer located between the two layers of the sponge body wall (epidermis and choanocytes) • Amoebocyte = Wandering, pseudopod bearing cells in the mesohyl; function in food uptake from choanocytes, food digestion, nutrient distribution to other cells, formation of skeletal fibers, gamete formation • Spicule = Sharp, calcium carbonate or silica structures in the mesohyl which form the skeletal fibers of many sponges • Spongin = Flexible, proteinaceous skeletal fibers in the mesohyl of some sponges Most sponges are hermaphrodites, but usually cross-fertilize. • Eggs and sperm form in the mesohyl from differentiated amoebocytes or choanocytes. • Eggs remain in