INFORMATlON TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduoed from the microfilm master. UMI films the iext diredly ftom the ociginal or wpy submitfed. Thus, some thesithesis and dissertation copies are in typcmriter m,Mile others may be from any of cornputer pnnter. The quality of this reproduction ir dependant upon th. qwlity of the copy submitted. Btoken or indistinct prïnt, cokred or par quaIity illustmüons and photographs. pnnt Meedtnw, substandard margins, ancl improprr alïgnment can advenely W8Ct mpdwüm. In the unlikely evm Ihat the author did not send UMI a cornpiete manuscript and therie are missing pages, aiese will be noted. Also, if unauthorired copyright matefial had bo be mmoved, a nde will indicate the deieüon- Ovenize materials (e-g., maps, dnwings, charts) are reproduced by sectiming the original. beginning at the upper left-hand a#ner and continuing from lelt to right in equal sect&ns witti malt ovedaps. Photographs induded in the original rnaclllscrÏpt have bwn repmdU08d xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6. x Q biack and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illusttsoonr appearing in this apy for an additional charge. Contact UMI diMyto order. Bell & Hawell Infornation and Leaming 300 North Leeb Road, Ann Amr, MI 481B1346 USA Widening the Frontier of Sport Psychology: An Examination of Sexual Abuse in Sport BY Katherine Jill Houghton A thesis submitted to the Scbool of Physical & Health Education in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada June 1999 Copyright 0 K. J. Houghton, 1999 National iibrary Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 ,canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bbliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wdllngton OttawaON K1AW OttawaON KIAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or seil reproduire7prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nùn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propneté du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the support and advice of many people whom 1 would iike to thank. Firstiy, enormous thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Albinson, for making a signirrcant contribution to my academic and inteflectual development during this, and aii my other projects over the 1st two years. Dr Albinson and his wife Shirley have been unbelievably kind and supportive throughout my time at Queen's. They are two of the most hospitable people I have met, and their kindness to Eric, my family and myself has been greatly appreciated. Several other professors have also been particdarly important during my the at Queen's. Dr Mary-Louise Adams reviewed numerous cirafts of my work and patiently tolerated and encouraged my newfound interest in Foucault, moral panic, power.. .etc. Thank-you Mary-Louise you have been great! Dr Mike Condra's support and belief in me was also second to none, and 1take with me fond memones of his kind-hearted nature, I wodd also like to acknowledge some special people who have had a significant impact on my Life. Certainly, my debt to Dr. Renee Fitzpatrick is beyond words. Dr Fitzpatrick is a remarkable professional whose expertise, guidance, support and genuine care are both incredible and inspiring. I wili always consider her a special mentor and fnend who helped me through some of my darkest days. Dr Fitzpatrick, I owe you much. Counselors Frances O'Brien and Barbara Baker also touched my heart and shared with me their knowledge of sexual abuse. 1 am extremely grateful to you both. To my generous and very Ioving family - Mum, Dad, my 'Big Sis' Justine, and Bethan - my heartfelt gratitude to you for your financial, personal and emotional help despite some dinicdt yean for us dl. Your constant understanding, patience, support and loyaity with everythhg is unique and tdyamazhg. You guys are the best and I love you aii to bits! I am particularly proud of my now-not-so-little niece who always manages to b~gout the big kid in me and reminds me of what fun and relaxation is. 'B'. ..you are my Little angel! As always, 1 am blessed to have Diane Bamber as a tme niend and fmtastic colleague. Diane continues to help me so much and in so many ways, especidy on a personal and emotional level despite our being miles apart. Cheers bud! 1 am looking forward to being geographically closer and spending relaxing, hay summer days together once more. My Eends that 1have made whilst 1have been at Queen's are too numerous to mention, but 1 would like to Say a special thank-you to two of my 'office-mates'. To Mark, thank-you for your Eendship and encouragement, especiaily when 1needed it the most. Despite the fact that you are a Southemer, thee ain't uh bad lad really (as us northerners more aptly put it), and 1 take with me fond memones of the many good times we have shared. See you in London for some more! Peter, through your honesty, openness and integrity, you gave me the extra courage 1 needed to write what we often discussed, and 1 hop that one day we will fïnally get around to writing something together. Above dl, I am indebted to the most important person in my life, my fiancé and sou1 mate, Eric Grahn. Eric encouraged me to write this work, supported me through al1 of my doubts and uncertainties, and ensured that 1 came out to the other side still relatively sane. Somehow we also managed to organize our wedding and keep planning, preparing and training for our dreams at the same the! Eric, despite the fact that you mem the world to me, 1 can't even begin to describe everything you do for me - so simply. ..thank-you, fiom the bottom of my heart. Dedications 1 would Like to dedicate this work to three very speciai people. To both my Grandmothers, who sadly passed away during my time in Canada- Gran and Nana this is for you, in loving memory of you both. Good Night, God Bless. And to Eric, my sod mate. You made coming to Canada the best thuig that 1 have ever done. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................... Dedications ................................................................................ Table of contents ......................................................................... List of Tables-............................................................................ Introduction. ............................................................................. References ................................................................................ Chapter One: AppIying Theories of Sexual Abuse To Sport ..................... What is sexual abuse? ..................... .... ........................................... Hïstorical Overview.................................................................. Signs & Symptoms ..................................................................... Prevalence & Incidence ................................................................ Characteristics of Sexual Offenders .................................................. "High-risk" populations ............................................................... The Etiology of Abusive Behavior................................................... Surnmary & Conclusion............................................................... Notes .................................................................................... References .............................................................................. Chapter Two: The Process of Sexual Abuse & its Effects on Athletes ......... The Role offower- .................................................................... The Process of SexuaL Abuse & its Short-term Effects........................... The Long-term Effects of Sexual Abuse .......................................... Intervention & Recovery............................................................ Summary & Conclusion...................... ... ................................... Notes ................................................................................. References .......................................................................... Chapter Three : The Prevention of SedAbuse in Sport: Evaluaing Efforts ......................................... .. .................... Methodology..................................................................... Harassrnent in Sport Collective ................................................. Canadian Hockey League ....................................................... English Sports Council .......................................................... Conclusion & Discussion. ...................................................... References ......................................................................... Appendices ........................................................................ Chapter Four: Sexual Abuse in Sport: