Review Essay Iraq in Books by Michael Rubin he Iraq war has pumped adrenaline into the publishing industry. Whereas five years ago, few bookstores included any selections on Iraq, today dozens of TIraq books line the shelves. There have been three waves of Iraq-related pub- lishing: First came the embed accounts that described the military campaign; second were examinations of prewar planning and, third, studies of the occupation. Quantity does not equal quality, though, nor does popularity correlate to accuracy. Many of the most popular books have been deeply flawed. Many authors use their Iraq narrative to promote other agendas, be they related to U.S. domestic politics, U.N. empowerment, or independence for Kurdistan. Other authors have substituted theory for fact or tried to propel their experience into the center of the Iraq policy debate. While time has already relegated much Iraq-related writing to the secondhand shelf or dustbin, several authors have produced works that will make lasting contributions, be they to future generations of war and post-conflict reconstruction planners, or scholars looking more deeply into the fabric of Iraq. New York: Bantam, 2004. 336 pp. $14. In the Com- THE WAR IN BOOKS pany of Soldiers. By Rick Atkinson. New York: Henry Holt, 2005. 326 pp. $25. No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. By Ambush Alley: The Most Extraordinary Battle Bing West. New York: Bantam, 2005. 400 pp. $25. of the Iraq War. By Tim Pritchard. New York: Among Warriors in Iraq. By Mike Tucker. New Ballantine Books, 2005. 320 pp. $25.95. Marines York: The Lyons Press, 2005. 264 pp. $16.95. The in the Garden of Eden. By Richard S. Lowry. New Blog of War: Frontline Dispatches from Mili- York: Berkley Caliber, 2006. 448 pp. $24.95. Thun- tary Bloggers in Iraq and Afghanistan. By Mat- der Run: The Armored Strike to Capture thew Burden. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Baghdad. By David Zucchino. New York: Atlan- 304 pp. $15. tic Monthly Press, 2004. 320 pp. $24. The March More than 500 journalists were embedded Up: Taking Baghdad with the United States with U.S. military units as they rolled into Iraq Marines. By Bing West and Gen. Ray L. Smith. on March 19, 2003. While quality is uneven, their accounts while embedded inject color into the military campaign. War is a composite of tens of thousands of soldiers’ experiences; any particu- Michael Rubin is editor of the Middle East Quar- lar story is important but its reflection of the terly and a resident scholar at the American En- overall operation is limited. In such accounts, terprise Institute. Of his twenty-two months in quality is proportional to the author’s recogni- Iraq, nine were spent as a governance advisor in tion of the genre’s constraints. the Coalition Provisional Authority. For ambitious authors, to embed is to play Rubin: Iraq in Books / 17 the lottery. Prior to combat operations, journal- move took both Iraqi forces and outside observ- ists do not know whether their units will be in ers by surprise. Because Zucchino amplifies a the center of action. When war erupted, top jour- single operation into a book, he pads his narra- nalists embedded with the 4th Infantry Division tive with the personalities of its participants. found themselves sitting idle in the Eastern Unlike Pritchard, however, he does not substi- Mediterranean, unable to redeploy after the Turk- tute them with imagined clichés. Still, the hero- ish government’s decision to deny the coalition ism involved in just three battalions—less than access to Turkish territory. 1,000 men—seizing the heart of a city of five Among the authors who got lucky were Brit- million is significant, and the tale worth telling. ish filmmaker Tim Pritchard, Los Angeles Times Former Reagan-era assistant secretary of defense correspondent David Zucchino, former assis- and Marine infantryman Bing West and retired tant secretary of defense Bing West, and Major Marine Major-General Ray L. Smith, who accom- General Ray L. Smith. In Ambush Alley, Pritchard, panied the 1st Marine Division on its drive to whose documentaries have aired on BBC, PBS, Baghdad, give broader perspective of the thun- and the Discovery Channel, describes the battle der runs and other aspects of the attack on for Nasiriyah, perhaps the hardest fought of the Baghdad in The March Up: Taking Baghdad war. While he humanizes the U.S. soldiers, he with the 1st Marine Division. prioritizes drama above accuracy. How he ar- The quality of embedded accounts rests not rives at what soldiers think is curious as his only in narrative flow but also in insight. Here, omniscience does not appear to result from ex- Rick Atkinson’s In the Company of Soldiers is tensive interviewing. And, while he captures the the best chronicle. A former staff writer and edi- confusion of battle, Am- tor at The Washington Post and the author of bush Alley does not several books about military history, Atkinson The heroism place it in perspective; chronicles the 101st Airborne from its prepara- involved in less his post-publication at- tions in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, to its deploy- than 1,000 men tempt to paint the fight ment to Kuwait and its subsequent march seizing Baghdad, for Nasiriyah as the clari- through the major cities of southern Iraq to fying moment when it be- Baghdad. Maj.-Gen. David Petraeus, perhaps the a city of five came clear that the Iraq most media accessible officer in the U.S. army million, is war would be folly is not since Gen. Douglas MacArthur, let Atkinson significant. convincing.1 Far better shadow him from the preparatory phases is military historian Rich- through combat operations. This allows ard S. Lowry’s detailed Atkinson to balance his own observations with and less pretentious, even if somewhat dis- Petraeus’s explanations. jointed, reconstruction of the same battle in The result is excellent. Atkinson observes, Marines in the Garden of Eden, and its suc- in turn, commander, soldiers, and fellow embed- cinct coverage in Cobra II.2 ded journalists. He describes the scramble Zucchino, a Los Angeles Times national cor- caused by last minute amendments to Cobra II, respondent, chronicles the charge into Baghdad the military’s battle plan for the Iraq invasion. of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Di- While many authors inject cynicism borne from vision (mechanized) in Thunder Run: The Ar- the omniscience of hindsight into their ac- mored Strike to Capture Baghdad. Their bold counts, Atkinson recalls the concern that per- meated journalists and soldiers about the likeli- hood they would face chemical weapons. Petraeus ranked the probability of Iraqi presi- 1 Tim Pritchard, “When Iraq Went Wrong,” The New York dent Saddam Hussein possessing chemical Times, Dec. 5, 2006. weapons at 80-90 percent and the chance that 2 Michael R. Gordon and Gen. Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New he would order their use against U.S. troops at York: Pantheon, 2006), pp. 234-59. 50 percent. 18 / MIDDLE EAST QUARTERLY SPRING 2007 Perhaps because he had access to a commander’s concern, Atkinson’s account is one of the few to address logistics. As equipment ar- rived in Kuwait, for example, he describes the scramble to find the missing com- mand tent. While descrip- tions of battles win space on the front page of news- papers, Atkinson’s descrip- tions remind readers of how difficult a task deployment can be. As the 101st began to engage the enemy, Atkinson A U.S. tank from the 2nd Battalion, 70th Armor division parks in the captures the character and center of the Shi‘ite shrine city of Karbala southwest of Baghdad, chaos of the command. April 6, 2003. More than 500 journalists were embedded with U.S. While other authors talk military units as they rolled into Iraq, and their accounts inject about the smell of gun- color into the military campaign. But most journalists ended their powder and the adrenaline embedded arrangements with the fall of Baghdad, so fewer accounts of combat, Atkinson pro- of subsequent operations are available. vides insight into how commanders and their staffs react in real-time to battlefield news. He chronicles to the minute blockade and siege. He, then, describes the cre- frantic reactions to sometimes erroneous reports ation of the Fallujah Brigade in which U.S. forces of both enemy engagements and friendly fire empowered insurgents and Baathists to secure incidents. the city, and, upon the experiment’s failure, the Most journalists ended their embedded ar- decision to rout insurgents. West’s book is im- rangements with the fall of Baghdad. While their portant not only in providing an accurate narratives of initial combat operations saturate chronicle but also in addressing the broader is- bookshelves, less numerous are accounts de- sues of convoluted chains of commands, messy scribing subsequent operations. The best here civilian-military relations, and the bureaucratic is Bing West’s No True Glory: A Frontline Ac- interests that combined both to constrain the count of the Battle of Fallujah, which will gain U.S. military and to undercut policy effective- greater prominence in 2008 through a screen ness. His concluding chapter—a broad assess- version with Harrison Ford as Gen. James ment of the errors and successes—is both use- Mattis.3 West guides his audience through the ful and succinct. various phases of the most important battle in Former marine infantryman Mike Tucker post-Saddam Iraq. He describes the ambush, provides another description of post-major murder, and mutilation of four U.S.