Der Weltraum Erforschung durch Satelliten und Sonden Inhalt Satelliten im Erdorbit .................................................................................................................... 5 Arten von Satellitenorbits .......................................................................................................... 5 Parkbahnen .......................................................................................................................... 5 Niedrige Erdumlaufbahnen (Low Earth Orbit LEO) ............................................................... 6 Sonnensynchroner Orbit ....................................................................................................... 6 Mittlere Umlaufbahn (Medium Earth Orbit MEO) .................................................................. 6 Geotransferorbit (GTO) ......................................................................................................... 6 Geosynchroner Orbit (GSO) ................................................................................................. 6 Geostationärer Orbit (GEO) .................................................................................................. 6 Supersynchroner Orbit .......................................................................................................... 6 Hoch elliptische Umlaufbahn (Highly Elliptical Orbit HRO) ................................................... 6 Friedhofsorbit ........................................................................................................................ 6 Sonstige Umlaufbahnen ........................................................................................................ 7 Lebensdauer von Erdumlaufbahnen ........................................................................................ 7 Gamma und Röntgenstrahlung ................................................................................................ 7 Uhuru (USA) ......................................................................................................................... 8 HEAO 2 (USA) (Einstein-Observatorium) ............................................................................. 8 ASTRON (UdSSR)................................................................................................................ 8 EXOSAT (Europa) ................................................................................................................ 9 ROSAT (Deutschland) .......................................................................................................... 9 Infrarot Strahlung ...................................................................................................................... 9 IRAS (Niederlande) ............................................................................................................... 9 COBE (USA) ......................................................................................................................... 9 Hubble Weltraumteleskop (HST) (Europa + USA) ................................................................ 9 Spitzer Weltraumteleskop (USA) ........................................................................................ 10 Reparatur Satellit ....................................................................................................................... 10 Mission Extension Vehicle-1 MEV-1 ................................................................................... 10 Astrometrie Satelliten ................................................................................................................. 10 Hipparcos (Europa) ............................................................................................................. 10 Gaia (Europa) ..................................................................................................................... 10 Die Suche nach Exoplaneten ................................................................................................. 11 Kepler ................................................................................................................................. 11 TESS (USA) ........................................................................................................................ 11 CHEOPS ............................................................................................................................. 11 PLATO (Europa) ................................................................................................................. 11 Weitere Erforschung .................................................................................................................. 12 COBE (USA) ....................................................................................................................... 12 MOST (Kanada) .................................................................................................................. 12 Gravity Probe B (USA) ........................................................................................................ 12 COROT (Deutschland + Frankreich) ................................................................................... 12 Raumstationen ........................................................................................................................... 13 Saljut (UdSSR) ................................................................................................................... 13 Apollo – Sojus (UdSSR + USA) .......................................................................................... 13 MIR (UdSSR) ...................................................................................................................... 13 Skylab (USA) ...................................................................................................................... 14 ISS (international) ............................................................................................................... 15 Space Shuttle ............................................................................................................................. 16 1 Der Erstflug ......................................................................................................................... 17 Challenger Unglück (1986) ................................................................................................. 17 Columba Unglück (2003) .................................................................................................... 17 Sonden zum Mond ..................................................................................................................... 18 Luna 2 (UdSSR) ................................................................................................................. 18 Aufnahmen beim Vorbeiflug und aus dem Orbit ..................................................................... 18 Zond 3 (UdSSR) ................................................................................................................. 18 Zond 4 bis 8 ........................................................................................................................ 18 Zond 7 ................................................................................................................................. 18 Lunar Orbiter 4 (UdSSR) .................................................................................................... 18 Lunar Orbiter 5 (UdSSR) .................................................................................................... 18 Explorer 49 (USA) ............................................................................................................... 18 Luna 22 (UdSSR)................................................................................................................ 19 Clementine (USA) ............................................................................................................... 19 SMART 1 (Europa) ............................................................................................................. 19 Kaguya (Japan) .................................................................................................................. 19 Sonden auf der Oberfläche .................................................................................................... 19 A) Weich gelandete Sonden ........................................................................................... 19 Luna 9 (UdSSR) ................................................................................................................. 19 Surveyor 1 (USA) ................................................................................................................ 19 Surveyor 3 .......................................................................................................................... 19 Surveyor 5 .......................................................................................................................... 19 Surveyor 6 .......................................................................................................................... 19 B) Bemannte Missionen ................................................................................................. 20 Apollo 8 (USA) .................................................................................................................... 20 Apollo 10 ............................................................................................................................