BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION I - Membranes of the Brain Introduction Self-study • Types of nerve cells • Attachments and venous sinuses in relation to • Parts of brain • Falx cerebri • Tentorium cerebelli • Falx cerebelli Prosection • Diaphragma sellae • Dura, arachnoid &pia mater • Nerve supply of meninges of • Dural folds, venous sinuses • Anterior middle and posterior cranial • Subarachnoid cisterns fossae • Cerebello-medullary cistern (cisterna • Subarachnoid cisterns • magna) • CSF circulation • Interpeduncular cistern • Cisternal puncture • Cisterna pontis • Cisterna ambiens Diagrams to be drawn • Meninges of brain • Transverse section of spinal cord through upper cervical region BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION II – Blood Vessels of Brain and Base of Brain Prosection Self-study Origin, course, branches and areas of distribution Circle of Willis: of • Internal carotid arteries • Internal carotid artery • Anterior cerebral arteries • Vertebral artery • Anterior communicating artery • Basilar artery • Posterior communicating arteries Formation and applied anatomy of circle of Willis • Posterior cerebral arteries Venous drainage of brain Other arteries: Collateral circulation in case of block in • Basilar artery • Internal carotid artery • Anterior choroidal arteries • Vertebral artery • Middle cerebral arteries Subclavian steal syndrome • Vertebral arteries • Superior cerebellar arteries • Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries • Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries • Anterior & posterior spinal arteries Base of brain • Cerebral peduncles • Optic chiasma • Tuber cinereum • Interpeduncular fossa • Mammillary bodies • Posterior perforated substance • Anterior perforated substances • Superficial attachment of all cranial nerves Diagrams to be drawn • Blood vessels of the brain • Distribution of blood supply on superolateral, medial and inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere • T S of Medulla oblongata at pyramidal decussation BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION III – Hindbrain: Medulla oblongata and Pons Prosection Self-study Medulla oblongata • To draw and label transverse sections of medulla oblongata through External surface ➢ Pyramidal decussation • Anterior median fissure ➢ Sensory decussation • Posterior median sulcus ➢ Mid-olivary level • Pyramid • Olive • To draw and label transverse sections of pons • Inferior cerebellar peduncles through • Fasciculus gracilis &gracile tubercle ➢ Facial colliculi • Fasciculus cuneatus & cuneate tubercle ➢ Upper pontine level • Foramen caecum • Attachments of IX, X, XI, XII cranial • Nuclei of origin, functional components, nerves course and distribution of: ➢ Oculomotor nerve (III cranial nerve) ➢ Trochlear nerve (IV cranial nerve) Pons ➢ Trigeminal nerve (V cranial nerve) External surface ➢ Abducent nerve (VI cranial nerve) ➢ Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve) • Basilar sulcus ➢ Vestibulo-cochlear nerve (VIII cranial Nerve) • Transverse fibres (Auditory pathway) • Middle cerebellar peduncles ➢ Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve) • Attachments of V, VI, VII, VIII cranial ➢ Vagus nerve (X cranial nerve) nerves ➢ Accessory nerve (XI cranial nerve) ➢ Hypoglossal nerve (XII cranial nerve) Diagrams to be drawn • T S of Medulla oblongata at sensory decussation • T S of Medulla oblongata at mid-olivary level • T S of pons at facial colliculus BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION IV–Cerebellum, Fourth Ventricle, Midbrain Prosection Prosection Cerebellum Midbrain • Superior vermis • Tectum • Inferior vermis • Superior and inferior colliculi • Vallecula of cerebellum • Brachium of superior colliculus • Floccullo-nodular lobe • Brachium of inferior colliculus • Superior medullary velum • Cerebral peduncles • Inferior medullary velum • Crus cerebri • Fissura prima • Substantia nigra • Horizontal fissure • Tegmentum • Postero-lateral fissure • Cerebellar cortex - layers Self-study • Arbor vitae cerebelli • Fissures & lobes of cerebellum, functional & • Superior cerebellar peduncle developmental divisions of cerebellum • Middle cerebellar peduncle • Cerebellar cortical architecture • Inferior cerebellar peduncle ▪ Purkinje cell • Deep intracerebellar nuclei (especially ▪ Cerebellar glomerulus dentate nucleus) • Cerebellar nuclei Fourth ventricle • Connections & functions of cerebellum Roof • Attachments, functional tracts in • Median and lateral apertures ▪ Inferior Cerebellar peduncle • Median dorsal, lateral dorsal and lateral ▪ Middle cerebellar peduncle recesses ▪ Superior Cerebellar peduncle • Tela choroidea and choroid plexus of • Boundaries, communications, recesses, fourth ventricle choroid plexus and applied anatomy offourth Floor of fourth ventricle ventricle • Stria medullaris • Location, connections and functions of • Median sulcus ▪ Red nucleus • Medial eminence ▪ Substantia nigra • Facial colliculus • Location and components of • Superior and inferior fovea ▪ Crus Cerebri • Sulcus limitans ▪ Auditory pathway • Locus coeruleus • Nuclei of origin, functional components, • Hypoglossal triangle course and distribution of • Vagal triangle ▪ Oculomotor nerve • Vestibular area ▪ Trochlear nerve Diagrams to be drawn • T S of pons at trigeminal nucleus • T S of midbrain at inferior colliculus • T S of midbrain at superior colliculus • Floor of fourth ventricle BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION V–Cerebrum: Sulci, Gyri, Lobes and Functional areas Prosection Medial surface • Median longitudinal fissure • Corpus callosum – Rostrum, Genu, Trunk / • Superolateral surface body, Splenium • Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere • Callosal sulcus • Inferior surface • Cingulate gyrus Lobes (with boundaries) • Cingulate sulcus • Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal • Medial frontal gyrus lobe • Paracentral lobule and occipital lobe • Calcarine sulcus Superolateral surface • Parieto-occipital sulcus • Central sulcus • Cuneus • Precentral gyrus • Precuneus • Postcentral gyrus • Paracentral lobule • Superior, middle & inferior frontal gyri • Paraolfactory gyrus • Posterior ramus, ascending and • Parahippocampal gyrus horizontal rami of lateral sulcus • Lamina terminalis • Pars orbitalis, pars triangularis& pars • Optic chiasma opercularis • Ant. Commissure • Insular cortex • Interventricular foramen of Monro • Superior, middle & inferior temporal • Thalamus gyri • Hypothalamus • Supramarginal and angular gyri • Hypothalamic sulcus • Parieto-occipital sulcus • Interthalamic adhesion • Preoccipital notch • Pineal body • Intraparietal sulcus • Cerebral aqueduct • Superior & inferior parietal lobules • Fornix • Lunate sulcus • Choroid fissure Inferior surface Functional areas • Olfactory sulcus • Primary somatomotor area (Ms I) • Olfactory bulb • Secondary somatomotor area (Ms II) • Olfactory tract • Primary somatosensory area (Sm I) • Olfactory trigone • Secondary somatosensory area (Sm II) • Olfactory striae - medial and lateral • Broca’s motor speech area • Gyrus rectus • Wernicke’s sensory speech area • Anterior, posterior, medial and lateral • Primary auditory area (A I) orbital gyri • Auditory association area (A II) • Rhinal sulcus • Primary visual area (V I) • Parahippocampal gyrus and uncus • Visual association area (V II) • Hippocampus and dentate gyrus • Higher association areas • Medial & lateral occipito-temporal gyri • Lingual gyrus Self-Study Boundaries, sulci and gyri, functional areas, connections, blood supply and applied anatomy of: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION VI –Cerebrum: White Matter, Lateral Ventricle, III Ventricle Prosection Lateral ventricle White matter Anterior Horn • Corpus callosum • Septum pellucidum • Rostrum • Head of caudate nucleus • Genu • Genu of corpus callosum • Trunk • Splenium Body • Tapetum • Floor- thalamus, caudate nucleus, • Forceps minor thalamostriate vein, stria termialis, • Forceps major choroid plexus • Anterior Commissure • Roof- trunk &splenium of corpus callosum • Posterior Commissure • Habenular Commissure Posterior Horn • Fornix and commissure of fornix • Medial wall- bulb of post. Horn & calcar (Hippocampal commissure) avis • Stria terminalis • Lateral wall- tapetum • Striahabenularis (Striamedullaris thalami) Inferior Horn • Corona radiata • Collateral trigone • Internal capsule- Anterior limb, • Roof- stria terminalis, tail of caudate genu, posterior limb, retrolentiform nucleus part and sublentiform part • Floor- hippocampal eminence, pes • External capsule hippocampi, collateral eminence, choroid • Extreme capsule fissure and plexus III ventricle Self study • Roof • Classification and definition of each type • Floor- Infundibular& optic recesses of white matter of cerebrum • • Lateral wall Areas connected by various association bundles (short and long), commissural • Anterior wall- lamina terminalis fibres and projection fibres • Posterior wall- pineal & suprapineal • Parts, type of fibres, areas connected, recesses functions and blood supply and applied anatomy of Internal capsule Corpus callosum • Boundaries, communications, recesses, choroid plexus formation and applied anatomy of Third ventricle Lateral ventricle Diagrams to be drawn • Cerebrum – Sulci and gyri on superolateral, medial and inferior surface BRAIN PROSECTION GOALS SESSION VII – Limbic System (the edge of hemisphere) and Basal nuclei Prosection Self-study Parts of limbic system • Components and functions of limbic system ➢ Olfactory tract • Olfactory pathway ➢ Olfactory trigone ➢ Olfactory striae ➢ Diagonal band of Broca • Parts & connections of fornix & functions of ➢ Piriform cortex - entorhinal area hippocampus ➢ Paraterminal