ISSN: 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7439-XXX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är DOCTORAL T H E SI S Karl Andersson Karl Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Mobile Systems ISSN: 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7439-151-0 Access Selection Network Models On Networks Wireless and Mobility Support in Heterogeneous On Access Network Selection Luleå University of Technology 2010 Models and Mobility Support in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Karl Andersson On Access Network Selection Models and Mobility Support in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Karl Andersson Mobile Systems Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Luleå University of Technology SE-971 87 Luleå Sweden November 2010 Supervisors Associate Professor Christer Åhlund Professor Arkady Zaslavsky Printed by Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå 2010 ISSN: 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-7439-151-0 Luleå 2010 www.ltu.se Abstract The aim of this thesis is to define a solution offering end-users seamless mobility in a multi-radio access technology environment. Today an increasing portion of cell phones and PDAs have more than one radio access technology and wireless access networks of various types are commonly available with overlapping coverage. This creates a heterogeneous network environment in which mobile devices can use several networks in parallel. In such environment the device needs to select the best network for each application to use available networks wisely. Selecting the best network for individual applications constitutes a major core problem. The thesis proposes a host-based solution for access network selection in heterogeneous wireless networking environments. Host-based solutions use only information available in mobile devices and are independent of information available in the networks to which these devices are attached. The host-based decision mechanism proposed in this thesis takes a number of constraints into account including network characteristics and mobility patterns in terms of movement speed of the user. The thesis also proposes a solution for network-based mobility management contrasting the other proposals using a host-based approach. Finally, this thesis proposes an architecture supporting mobility for roaming users in heterogeneous environments avoiding the need for scanning the medium when performing vertical handovers. Results include reduced handover latencies achieved by allowing hosts to use multihoming, bandwidth savings on the wireless interface by removing the tunneling overhead, and handover guidance through the usage of directory-based solutions instead of scanning the medium. User-perceived quality of voice calls measured on the MOS (Mean Opinion Score) scale shows no or very little impact from the mobility support procedures proposed in this thesis. Results also include simulation models, real-world prototypes, and testbeds that all could be used in future work. The proposed solutions in this thesis are mainly evaluated using simulations and experiments with prototypes in live testbeds. Analytical methods are used to complement some results from simulations and experiments. iii iv Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... v Publications ............................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Thesis Introduction and Methodology .................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Research Area and Outcomes .................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Thesis Contribution ................................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Thesis Organization ................................................................................. 4 1.2 Research Methodology ............................................................................. 4 1.3 Thesis Methodology ................................................................................. 6 1.4 Roadmap and Summaries of the Publications ........................................... 7 1.4.1 Roadmap ................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Summary of Included Publications ......................................................... 7 1.5 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Background .......................................................................................... 11 2.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks ............................................................. 11 2.1.1 GSM ...................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 UMTS .................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 cdmaOne and CDMA2000 .................................................................... 14 2.1.4 LTE ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1.5 WLAN ................................................................................................... 17 2.1.6 WiMAX................................................................................................. 18 2.2 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks and Mobility Management .............. 19 2.2.1 Integration Architectures for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ......... 19 2.2.2 Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ............... 21 2.2.3 Examples on Mobility Management at the Datalink Layer ................... 21 2.2.4 Mobility Management at the Network Layer ........................................ 22 2.2.5 Mobility Management at the Transport Layer ....................................... 25 2.2.6 Mobility Management at the Application Layer ................................... 26 2.2.7 Mobility Management Using Cross-layer Designed Solutions ............. 27 2.2.8 Other Mobility types than Terminal Mobility ....................................... 27 2.3 Access Network Selection in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks .......... 27 2.3.1 Algorithms Using Cost Functions ......................................................... 28 2.3.2 Knowledge-based Systems .................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Algorithms Using Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) ....................... 28 2.3.4 Algorithms Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) ................................................................................. 29 2.3.5 Algorithms Using Optimization Techniques ......................................... 29 2.4 Relevant Industrial Standards ................................................................. 29 2.4.1 IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS) ................................... 29 2.4.2 Wireless LAN Interworking (I-WLAN) ................................................ 30 2.4.3 Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA), Generic Access Network (GAN) . 31 2.4.4 Voice Call Continuity (VCC) ................................................................ 31 2.4.5 Interworking in LTE .............................................................................. 32 v 2.4.6 Media Independent Handover Services ................................................. 32 2.4.7 Upcoming Standards ............................................................................. 34 2.5 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Related Work ........................................................................................ 37 3.1 Related Work within Architectures for Mobility Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ......................................................................... 37 3.2 Related Work within Access Network Selection Algorithms in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ......................................................................... 38 3.3 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4: Multihomed Mobile IPv6: OPNET Simulation of Network Selection and Handover Timing in Heterogeneous Networking Environments ................ 41 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 43 4.2 Mobility Management Architectures ...................................................... 44 4.3 Mobility Management with Mobile IP ................................................... 45 4.4 Reference Architecture ........................................................................... 45 4.5 The OPNET Simulation Model .............................................................. 48 4.6 Results .................................................................................................... 50 4.7 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 53 Chapter 5: M4: MultiMedia Mobility Manager - A Seamless Mobility Management Architecture Supporting Multimedia Applications ...........................................