International Environmental Law-making and Diplomacy Review 2004 Marko Berglund (editor) UNIVERSITY OF JOENSUU – UNEP COURSE SERIES 1 University of Joensuu Joensuu 2005 University of Joensuu - UNEP Course Series 1 Publisher University of Joensuu Department of Law P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 JOENSUU, FINLAND Editor Marko Berglund Editorial Tuomas Kuokkanen, Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, Board Akpezi Ogbuigwe Contact Joensuu University Library/Sales of Publications P.O. Box 107, FI-80101 JOENSUU, FINLAND Tel. +358-13-251 2652, +358-13-251 4509 Fax +358-13-251 2691 E-mail: joepub@joensuu.fi http://www.joensuu.fi/library United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Environmental Policy Implementation (DEPI) P.O. Box 30552, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unep.org/training Exchanges Joensuu University Library/Exchanges P.O. Box 107, FI-80101 JOENSUU, FINLAND Tel. +358-13-251 2677 Fax +358-13-251 2691 E-mail: vaihdot@joensuu.fi ISSN 1795-6706 ISBN 952-458-664-9 Cover Design Leea Wasenius Layout Erja Koponen Joensuun yliopistopaino Joensuu 2005 Contents FOREWORD .............................................................................................................v PREFACE .................................................................................................................vi ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................................ix PART I INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY AND GOVERNANCE .................................................................................1 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY ............................................3 Shafqat Kakakhel THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE ...............................................................................19 Donald Kaniaru SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM .........................................................................................................31 Johannah Bernstein PART II INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING AND REGIMES ...........................................................................................51 THE TREATY-MAKING PROCESS AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF TREATY LAW ....................................................................................................53 Päivi Kaukoranta AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SOURCES, PRINCIPLES AND REGIMES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW .........................................................61 Marc Pallemaerts MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL NEGOTIATION ...........................................73 Brook Boyer GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND DYNAMICS ...........81 Frits Schlingemann INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIMES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND WASTE: A PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................89 Sachiko Kuwabara-Yamamoto iii CONTENTS THE ROLE OF NGOS AND NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING ........................................................................103 Heidi Hautala THE NEGOTIATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WTO RULES AND MEAS: THE STORY SO FAR ..........................................................................109 Tuula Varis PART III COMPLIANCE ............................................................................................115 INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCUSSION ON COMPLIANCE ..................................117 Patrick Széll IMPLEMENTATION, COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF MEAS: UNEP’S ROLE ......................................................................................125 Elizabeth Maruma Mrema ANNEX: GUIDELINES ON COMPLIANCE WITH AND ENFORCEMENT OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS ......................................136 PART IV SPECIAL THEME: WATER ........................................................................151 WORLD WATER RESOURCES AND PROBLEMS ...................................................153 Esko Kuusisto INTERNATIONAL LAW AND WATER ...................................................................167 Tuomas Kuokkanen INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER AGREEMENTS AND NATIONAL WATER POLICY AND LAW REFORMS ..................................................................179 Niels Ipsen and Marko Berglund WATER CO-OPERATION BETWEEN FINLAND AND RUSSIA ON THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL ............................................................................189 Anna-Liisa Tanskanen PART V INTERACTIVE EXERCISE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND GOVERNANCE: WHERE NEXT? ..........................................................................................197 FUNDAMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS ......................................................199 Ed Couzens CLUSTERING OF MEAS .........................................................................................207 Kong Xiangwen DOES THE WORLD NEED A SUPER-COP? INTEGRATED GLOBAL DECISION-MAKING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ..............................................................................211 Cam Carruthers iv Foreword The articles in the present Review are based on lectures given during the first Univer- sity of Joensuu – UNEP Course on International Environmental Law-making and Diplomacy, which was held from 22 August to 3 September 2004 in Joensuu, Finland. The Course was a concrete outcome of the co-operation between the University of Joensuu and UNEP to advance the implementation of local, regional and global objec- tives agreed at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and enhance the capacities of future negotiators in international negotiations. The aim of the Course was to convey key tools and experiences in the area of inter- national environmental law-making to present and future negotiators of multilateral environmental agreements. In addition, the Course served as a forum for fostering North-South co-operation and for taking stock of recent developments in the nego- tiation and implementation of multilateral environmental agreements and diplomatic practices in the field. The Course is intended to be an annual event designed for experienced government officials engaged in international environmental negotiations. In addition, other stake- holders such as representatives of non-governmental organizations and the private sector may apply and be selected to attend the Course. Researchers and academics in the field are also eligible. Altogether 36 participants from 28 countries, with an equal distribution from the North and South, participated in the first Course. We would like to express our gratitude to all of those who contributed to the successful outcome of the first Course. It gives us great pleasure to recognize that the lectures and presentations given during the Course are now recorded in this Review. We are grateful that the authors were willing to take on an extra burden after the Course and transfer their presentations into article form thereby making the Review such a useful resource. In addition, we would like to thank Marko Berglund for skilful editing of the Review and the Editorial Board for providing guidance in the editing work. Professor Perttu Vartiainen Dr. Klaus Töpfer Rector of the University of Joensuu Executive Director of UNEP v Preface The current Review seeks to provide practical guidance, professional perspective and historical background to practitioners, stakeholders and researchers working in the area of international environmental law-making and diplomacy. The Review high- lights dominating doctrines, approaches and techniques in the field, including sustain- able development, regime-building, governance, synergy, compliance and the role of NGOs. Moreover, the inaugural volume focuses on water as a specific theme. The lectures of the first University of Joensuu – UNEP Course, from which the arti- cles in the present Review emanate, were delivered by experienced hands-on diplo- mats, government officials and members of academia.1 One of the main purposes of the Course was to take advantage of the practical experiences of experts working in the field of international environmental law-making and diplomacy. Consequently, the articles in this Review and the different approaches taken by the authors reflect the lecturers’ and resource persons’ diverse professional backgrounds. Marko Berglund edited the Review and helped prepare some of the articles by writing draft versions based on the lectures and presentations given by the speakers. General editing tasks included checking the style and content of the submissions and providing research assistance by checking, adding and editing references and footnotes. All Internet references were valid as of 15 March 2005. The present Review is divided into five sections. Part I addresses general issues relating to international environmental diplomacy and governance. Shafqat Kakakhel’s article presents an overview of developments in international environmental diplomacy and addresses current challenges in the field. Donald Kaniaru focuses on the concept of sustainable development in more detail and shows how it is being applied in practice. Johannah Bernstein presents the current challenges of sustainable development gover- nance and possible ways forward. 1 Information on the University of Joensuu – UNEP Course on International Environmental Law-making and Diplomacy is available at www.joensuu.fi/unep/envlaw. vi PREFACE Part II addresses in more detail international environmental