Issue 101, 2nd Quarter 2021 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE ONE HUNDRED ONE, 2 Embracing Asymmetry Conquering the Ethical Temptations of Command ND QUARTER 2021 Accelerating Adaptation on the Western Front and Today Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 101, 2nd Quarter 2021 https://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Mark A. Milley, USA, Publisher Lt Gen Michael T. Plehn, USAF, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Senior Editor and Director of Art John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Book Review Editor Brett Swaney Assistant Internet Publications Editor Jen Russell Creative Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee BrigGen Jay M. Bargeron, USMC/Marine Corps War College; RDML Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN/U.S. Naval War College; BG Joy L. Curriera, USA/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Col Lee G. Gentile, Jr., USAF/Air Command and Staff College; Col Thomas J. Gordon, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Ambassador John Hoover/College of International Security Affairs; Cassandra C. Lewis, Ph.D./College of Information and Cyberspace; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; MG Stephen J. Maranian, USA/U.S. Army War College; VADM Stuart B. Munsch, USN/The Joint Staff; LTG Andrew P. Poppas, USA/The Joint Staff; RDML Cedric E. Pringle, USN/National War College; Brig Gen Michael T. Rawls, USAF/Air War College; MajGen W.H. Seely III/Joint Forces Staff College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/Joint Forces Staff College; COL James E. Hayes, USA/National War College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Sailor rests after combating fire aboard USS Bonhomme Richard, San Diego, July 14, 2020 (U.S. Navy/Christina Ross); General Mark A. Milley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, awards Capitol Police Officer Eugene Goodman with Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award and U.S. Constitution in Old Senate Chamber for actions taken to protect lawmakers and others during January 6, 2021, attack on Capitol building, Washington, DC, February 25, 2021 (DOD/Carlos M. Vazquez II); Airman Kendra Middleton competes in high jump during Air Force Invitational at Cadet Field House, Colorado Springs, Colorado, January 23, 2021 (U.S. Air Force/Trevor Cokley) About the Cover In This Issue Paratrooper with U.S. Army’s 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team surveys battlefield during U.S. Forum Army Europe–directed annual 2 Executive Summary exercise Saber Junction, held at Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels 4 Deter in Competition, Deescalate training areas, Germany, August 20, in Crisis, and Defeat in Conflict 2020 (NATO) By Glen D. VanHerck 11 Design Thinking By Daniel E. Rauch and Matthew Tackett 18 Buy Now, Get Paid with Diversity Later: Insights into Career Progression of 59 Sustaining Relevance: Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Female Servicemembers Repositioning Strategic Defense University Press for the Chairman of the By Monica Dziubinski Gramling Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship Logistics Innovation joint military and security studies journal designed to and Warren Korban Blackburn in the Military inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and By Paul Christian van Fenema, Ton other partners on joint and integrated operations; 25 Gray Is the New Black: national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat van Kampen, Gerold de Gooijer, terrorism; homeland security; and developments in A Framework to Counter Nynke Faber, Harm Hendriks, Andre training and joint professional military education to Gray Zone Conflicts Hoogstrate, and Loe Schlicher transform America’s military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting By Heather M. Bothwell freedom today. All published articles have been vetted 69 Embracing Asymmetry: through a peer-review process and cleared by the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. JPME Today Assessing Iranian National Security Strategy, 1983–1987 NDU Press is the National Defense University’s 31 Educating Our Leaders By Spencer Lawrence French cross-component, professional military and academic in the Art and Science of publishing house. Stakeholder Management The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations Recall expressed or implied within are those of the By Alexander L. Carter contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views 78 Accelerating Adaptation on of the Department of Defense or any other agency of 36 Conquering the Ethical the Western Front and Today the Federal Government. Temptations of Command: Copyright Notice By Justin Lynch This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition Lessons from the Field Grades of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions By Clinton Longenecker of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Book Reviews without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ and James W. Shufelt should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted 84 Adaptation Under Fire from or based on its content. Reviewed by Bryon Greenwald Submissions and Communications Commentary JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent 46 Flawed Jointness in the 85 Losing the Long Game research from members of the Armed Forces, security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, War Against the So-Called Reviewed by Thomas C. Greenwood academic specialists, and civilians from the United Islamic State: How a Different States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration Planning Approach Might 86 Strategic Humanism to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: Have Worked Better Reviewed by Christopher Kuennen Editor, Joint Force Quarterly By Benjamin S. Lambeth NDU Press Joint Doctrine 300 Fifth Avenue (Building 62, Suite 212) Fort Lesley J. McNair Features 88 U.S. Joint Doctrine Development Washington, DC 20319 55 The Future Joint Medical and Influence on NATO Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 By George E. Katsos Email: [email protected] Force Through the Lens of JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq nd Operational Art: A Case for 96 Joint Doctrine Update 2 Quarter, April 2021 Clinical Interchangeability ISSN 1070-0692 By Joseph Caravalho, Jr., and Enrique Ortiz, Jr. U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Melanie Ziebart, one of six Air Force pilots flying F-35B Lightning II stealth multirole fighters in Marine squadrons to disseminate inter-Service tactics and strengthen joint force capabilities, on flight deck of amphibious assault ship USS America, flies with 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit Marine Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 121 Green Knights, Gulf of Thailand, March 7, 2020 (U.S. Navy/Jonathan Berlier) Executive Summary n early conversation I had with have been successful over the past 100 Success in furthering any profession Admiral Mike Mullen just after issues, we must continue to remain comes from seeking to do better than A becoming the Editor in Chief focused on what you need us to be: the was done in the past, through careful of Joint Force Quarterly centered on voice of the joint force. examination, debate, and refinement of a crucial request: “Bill, I need you to In JFQ 1, General Powell wrote, arguments and facts, ultimately leading make sure I can read what our next “Don’t read the pages that follow if you to revising and renewing techniques, generation of senior leaders are think- are looking for the establishment point of tactics, procedures, process, policies, and ing about, what matters to them. At view or the conventional wisdom. Pick up doctrine. A constantly evolving and ev- my level, it is very hard to hear what JFQ for controversy, debate, new ideas, er-changing environment moved forward they have to say.” It is important to and fresh insights—for the cool yet lively by people and ideas, both good and bad, note that every Chairman, beginning interplay among some of the finest minds which are seen through the lens of time. with General Colin Powell in 1993, has committed to the profession of arms.” Journals like JFQ allow our rising encouraged in JFQ a range of topics After 100 issues, this continues to be our leaders to express themselves in a way they may not necessarily agree with, informal mission statement. that is often not available any other yet nonetheless state they need to read While you will find many articles that way up the chain of command. Military these ideas. With the words of General reinforce the military status quo, our journals continue to help move the Powell and Admiral Mullen as guid- authors and readers have done their best profession of arms forward in ways that ance, our team has constantly sought over the years to sound off on what they rapid-fire, light-speed mediums cannot. out the best ideas and the best way to see as the “facts on the ground,” which And it is hard to say what will endure communicate them to you. While we often clash with conventional wisdom. in this instant gratification, 24/7 news 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 101, 2nd Quarter 2021 cycle, Twitter-driven world. We should understand who “gets a vote” and why excellent book reviews and the Joint not abandon our more traditional means they matter, Alexander Carter discusses Doctrine Update. to read, process information, and make the ways to learn about how best to In 1993, General Powell encouraged lasting decisions on important issues. manage one’s mission stakeholders. As members of the joint force to “Read Industry data show that despite the military officers rise up in responsibilities, JFQ.