April 2, 2019 u vol. 116 u no. 14 From the Cover 6908 Rapid adaptation and transposable elements 6707 Sociopolitical history of southern Appalachia 6720 Cultural tightness in China 7027 Evolution of pathogen sensing 7113 Synaptic plasticity and learning Contents THIS WEEK IN PNAS Cover image: Pictured is an 6507 In This Issue inflorescence of Capsella rubella. Xiao-Min Niu et al. found that frequent insertions of transposable elements (TEs) INNER WORKINGS—An over-the-shoulder look at scientists at work in the genome of C. rubella at the gene 6510 Ramping up the fight against Florida’s red tides FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) can Sid Perkins regulate flowering time. Moreover, TE insertion at the 30 untranslated region of FLC reduces mRNA stability to promote — flowering. The findings suggest that TEs CORE CONCEPTS A brief introduction to emerging topics in science may support rapid adaptation to 6513 Holey synthetic materials open their pores to medical applications changing environments. See the article Nina Notman by Niu et al. on pages 6908–6913. Image courtesy of Jie Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing). QNAS 6517 QnAs with C. Y. Cyrus Chu Sandeep Ravindran See Inaugural Article on page 6548 COMMENTARIES 6519 Social networks and the archaeology of the Native American South Christopher B. Rodning See companion article on page 6707 6522 Universal and culture-specific patterns of tightness-looseness across the 31 Chinese provinces Michele J. Gelfand See companion article on page 6720 6525 Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: A chronic cheater Christopher M. Waters and Joanna B. Goldberg See companion articles on pages 7021 and 7027 6528 Retinoic acid receptor plays both sides of homeostatic plasticity Brandon J. Walters and Sheena A. Josselyn See companion article on page 7113 Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u April 2, 2019 u vol. 116 u no. 14 u iii–ix Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE 6594 Heterogeneous and rate-dependent streptavidin– 6531 Toward understanding the impact of artificial biotin unbinding revealed by high-speed force intelligence on labor spectroscopy and atomistic simulations Morgan R. Frank, David Autor, James E. Bessen, Erik Felix Rico, Andreas Russek, Laura Gonza´lez, Helmut Brynjolfsson, Manuel Cebrian, David J. Deming, Maryann Grubmu¨ller, and Simon Scheuring Feldman, Matthew Groh, Jose´ Lobo, Esteban Moro, Dashun Wang, Hyejin Youn, and Iyad Rahwan 6602 Amyloid found in human cataracts with two- dimensional infrared spectroscopy Ariel M. Alperstein, Joshua S. Ostrander, Tianqi O. Zhang, LETTERS and Martin T. Zanni 6540 Ergodicity is sufficient but not necessary for 6766 Structural and mechanistic insights into group-to-individual generalizability mechanoactivation of focal adhesion kinase Janne K. Adolf and Eiko I. Fried Magnus Sebastian Bauer, Fabian Baumann, Csaba 6542 Reply to Adolf and Fried: Conditional equivalence Daday, Pilar Redondo, Ellis Durner, Markus Andreas Jobst, and imperatives for person-level science Lukas Frederik Milles, Davide Mercadante, Diana Angela Pippig, Hermann Eduard Gaub, Frauke Grater, John D. Medaglia, Bertus F. Jeronimus, and Aaron J. Fisher ¨ and Daniel Lietha 6544 A squared standard error is not a measure of 6775 Structural and dynamical rationale for fatty acid individual differences unsaturation in Escherichia coli Ellen L. Hamaker and Oisı´n Ryan Greg J. Dodge, Ashay Patel, Kara L. Jaremko, J. Andrew 6546 Reply to Hamaker and Ryan: Within-sample temporal McCammon, Janet L. Smith, and Michael D. Burkart instability in cross-sectional estimates 7071 Structural maturation of cortical perineuronal nets Aaron J. Fisher, Bertus F. Jeronimus, and John D. Medaglia and their perforating synapses revealed by superresolution imaging INAUGURAL ARTICLE Yaron M. Sigal, Haneui Bae, Luke J. Bogart, Takao K. Hensch, and Xiaowei Zhuang 6548 Variations of wealth resemblance by family relationship types in modern Chinese families C. Y. Cyrus Chu, Kamhon Kan, and Jou Chun Lin CHEMISTRY See QnAs on page 6517 6608 Volumetric chemical imaging by clearing-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy PHYSICAL SCIENCES Mian Wei, Lingyan Shi, Yihui Shen, Zhilun Zhao, Asja Guzman, Laura J. Kaufman, Lu Wei, and Wei Min APPLIED MATHEMATICS 6618 Host−guest complexation-mediated codelivery 6554 Generalized network dismantling of anticancer drug and photosensitizer for Xiao-Long Ren, Niels Gleinig, Dirk Helbing, and Nino Antulov-Fantulin cancer photochemotherapy Guocan Yu, Benyue Zhu, Li Shao, Jiong Zhou, Manik Lal Saha, Bingbing Shi, Zibin Zhang, Tao Hong, Shijun Li, Xiaoyuan Chen, APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES and Peter J. Stang 6560 A minimal-length approach unifies rigidity in 6624 Solar-driven, highly sustained splitting of seawater underconstrained materials into hydrogen and oxygen fuels Matthias Merkel, Karsten Baumgarten, Brian P. Tighe, Yun Kuang, Michael J. Kenney, Yongtao Meng, and M. Lisa Manning Wei-Hsuan Hung, Yijin Liu, Jianan Erick Huang, 6569 Communities and regularities in the behavior of Rohit Prasanna, Pengsong Li, Yaping Li, Lei Wang, investment fund managers Meng-Chang Lin, Michael D. McGehee, Xiaoming Sun, Andrea Flori, Fabio Pammolli, Sergey V. Buldyrev, Luca Regis, and Hongjie Dai and H. Eugene Stanley 6630 Tracking the rotation of single CdS nanorods during 6575 Graphene transistor based on tunable Dirac photocatalysis with surface plasmon fermion optics resonance microscopy Ke Wang, Mirza M. Elahi, Lei Wang, K. M. Masum Habib, Yingyan Jiang, Hua Su, Wei Wei, Yongjie Wang, Hong-Yuan Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, James Hone, Avik W. Chen, and Wei Wang Ghosh, Gil-Ho Lee, and Philip Kim 6635 Interfacial engineering of cobalt sulfide/ 6580 Gold-implanted plasmonic quartz plate as a graphene hybrids for highly efficient launch pad for laser-driven photoacoustic ammonia electrosynthesis microfluidic pumps Pengzuo Chen, Nan Zhang, Sibo Wang, Tianpei Zhou, Shuai Yue, Feng Lin, Qiuhui Zhang, Njumbe Epie, Suchuan Yun Tong, Chengcheng Ao, Wensheng Yan, Lidong Dong, Xiaonan Shan, Dong Liu, Wei-Kan Chu, Zhiming Wang, Zhang, Wangsheng Chu, Changzheng Wu, and Jiming Bao and Yi Xie 6586 Electrical control of spatial resolution in mixed- 6784 Transcriptome-wide profiling of multiple RNA dimensional heterostructured photodetectors modifications simultaneously at single- Ke Zhang, Yang Wei, Jin Zhang, He Ma, Xinhe Yang, base resolution Gaotian Lu, Kenan Zhang, Qunqing Li, Kaili Jiang, Vahid Khoddami, Archana Yerra, Timothy L. Mosbruger, and Shoushan Fan Aaron M. Fleming, Cynthia J. Burrows, and Bradley R. Cairns iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 7015 Lysyl-tRNA synthetase as a drug target in malaria ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and cryptosporidiosis 6673 Emergence of robust precipitation changes across Beatriz Baragan˜a, Barbara Forte, Ryan Choi, Stephen crop production areas in the 21st century Nakazawa Hewitt, Juan A. Bueren-Calabuig, Joa˜o Pedro Maisa Rojas, Fabrice Lambert, Julian Ramirez-Villegas, Pisco, Caroline Peet, David M. Dranow, David A. Robinson, and Andrew J. Challinor Chimed Jansen, Neil R. Norcross, Sumiti Vinayak, Mark Anderson, Carrie F. Brooks, Caitlin A. Cooper, Sebastian 6679 Tree clusters in savannas result from islands of Damerow, Michael Delves, Karen Dowers, James Duffy, soil moisture Thomas E. Edwards, Irene Hallyburton, Benjamin G. Horst, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Zijuan Chen, Ann Carla Stave, Matthew A. Hulverson, Liam Ferguson, Marı´a Bele´n and Simon Asher Levin Jime´nez-Dı´az, Rajiv S. Jumani, Donald D. Lorimer, Melissa S. Love, Steven Maher, Holly Matthews, Case W. McNamara, Peter Miller, Sandra O’Neill, Kayode K. Ojo, Maria PHYSICS Osuna-Cabello, Erika Pinto, John Post, Jennifer Riley, Matthias 6684 Entanglement distribution over a 96-km-long Rottmann, Laura M. Sanz, Paul Scullion, Arvind Sharma, submarine optical fiber Sharon M. Shepherd, Yoko Shishikura, Frederick R. C. So¨ren Wengerowsky, Siddarth Koduru Joshi, Fabian Simeons, Erin E. Stebbins, Laste Stojanovski, Ursula Straschil, Steinlechner, Julien R. Zichi, Sergiy M. Dobrovolskiy, Rene´ Fabio K. Tamaki, Jevgenia Tamjar, Leah S. Torrie, Ame´lie van der Molen, Johannes W. N. Los, Val Zwiller, Vantaux, Benoıˆt Witkowski, Sergio Wittlin, Manickam Yogavel, Marijn A. M. Versteegh, Alberto Mura, Davide Calonico, Fabio Zuccotto, In˜igo Angulo-Barturen, Robert Sinden, Jake Massimo Inguscio, Hannes Hu¨bel, Liu Bo, Thomas Baum, Francisco-Javier Gamo, Pascal Ma¨ser, Dennis E. Kyle, Scheidl, Anton Zeilinger, Andre´ Xuereb, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, Peter J. Myler, Paul G. Wyatt, David and Rupert Ursin Floyd, David Matthews, Amit Sharma, Boris Striepen, Christopher D. Huston, David W. Gray, Alan H. Fairlamb, 6689 Fast scrambling on sparse graphs Andrei V. Pisliakov, Chris Walpole, Kevin D. Read, Wesley C. Gregory Bentsen, Yingfei Gu, and Andrew Lucas Van Voorhis, and Ian H. Gilbert 6695 Magnetoelastic hybrid excitations in CeAuAl 3 Petr Cerma´k, Astrid Schneidewind, Benqiong Liu, Michael EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES Marek Koza, Christian Franz, Rudolf Scho¨nmann, Oleg 6641 Anthropogenic enhancements to production of Sobolev, and Christian Pfleiderer highly oxygenated molecules from autoxidation Havala O. T. Pye, Emma L. D’Ambro, Ben H. Lee, Siegfried Schobesberger, Masayuki Takeuchi, Yue Zhao, Felipe STATISTICS Lopez-Hilfiker, Jiumeng Liu, John E. Shilling, Jia Xing, Rohit 6701 Detecting different topologies immanent in Mathur, Ann M. Middlebrook, Jin Liao, Andre´Welti,Martin scale-free networks