Energy Primer 1 Lead Authors (LA) Arnulf Grubler (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria and Yale University, USA) Thomas B. Johansson (Lund University, Sweden) Luis Mundaca (Lund University, Sweden) Nebojsa Nakicenovic (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and Vienna University of Technology, Austria) Shonali Pachauri (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria) Keywan Riahi (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria) Hans-Holger Rogner (International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria) Lars Strupeit (Lund University, Sweden) Contributing Authors (CA) Peter Kolp (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria) Volker Krey (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria) Jordan Macknick (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA) Yu Nagai (Vienna University of Technology, Austria) Mathis L. Rogner (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria) Kirk R. Smith (University of California, Berkeley, USA) Kjartan Steen-Olsen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Jan Weinzettel (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) Review Editor Ogunlade Davidson (Ministry of Energy and Water Resources, Sierra Leone) 99 Energy Primer Chapter 1 Contents 1.1 Introduction and Roadmap . 102 1.2 The Global Energy System . 103 1.2.1 Description of the Global Energy System . 103 1.2.2 Energy Services . 106 1.2.3 From Energy Services to Primary Energy . 107 1.3 Historic Energy Transitions . 108 1.3.1 Transitions in Energy End-Use (United Kingdom) . 108 1.3.2 Transitions in Energy Supply Systems (Global) . 111 1.3.3 Energy and Economic Growth . 114 1.4 Energy Effi ciency and Intensity . 116 1.4.1 Introduction . 116 1.4.2 First-Law Effi ciencies . 117 1.4.3 Second-Law Effi ciencies and Exergy . 117 1.4.4 Energy Intensities . 119 1.5 Energy Resources . 121 1.5.1 Introduction . 121 1.5.2 Fossil and Fissile Resources . 123 1.5.3 Renewable Resources . 123 1.5.4 Energy Densities . 124 1.6 Production, Trade, and Conversions . 125 1.6.1 Introduction . 125 1.6.2 Production, Use, and Trade . 125 1.6.3 Conversions . 127 100 Chapter 1 Energy Primer 1.7 Environmental Impacts (Emissions) . 131 1.7.1 Introduction . ..