Notes Introduction 1. See Lawrence Alschuler, Predicting Development, Dependency, and Conflict in Latin America: A Social Field Theory (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1978) and Lawrence Alschuler, Multinationals and Maldevelopment: Alternative Development Strategies in Argentina, the Ivory Coast and Korea, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan Press, 1998). 2. Theda Skocpol, “France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolutions,” in Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies, ed. J. A. Goldstone (San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1986), 68–88; Lawrence Alschuler, “The Chiapas Rebellion: An Analysis According to the Structural Theory of Revolution,” Estudios interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 10, no. 2 (1999): 131–149. 3. Long ago in 1552, Étienne de la Boétie asked these same questions in The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1997). He explains why the oppressed submit voluntarily to tyranny, even in the absence of state repression. His astute observations constitute what I would call “a psychology of political obedience.” De la Boétie’s explanations in terms of collusion and mystification, for example, converge with aspects of the “magical” and “naïve” stages of conscientization that I describe in chapter 1 of this volume. In these stages the obedience of the oppressed results from colluding with political authority and being mystified by the oppressor’s ideologies. I am grateful to Ulrich Hausmann, journalist and friend, who brought de la Boétie to my attention after reading a draft of this book. 4. Elizabeth Marvick, introduction to “Case Studies in Psychopolitics,” International Political Science Review 10, no. 1 (1989): 5. 5. Nancy C. Hollander, Love in a Time of Hate: Liberation Psychology in Latin America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 16. 6. Lawrence Alschuler, “Les acteurs transnationaux dans le développement latino- américain,” Études internationales 17, no. 2 (1986): 322–323. 160 ● Notes 7. Frantz Fanon was a precursor to the current movement. See his The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1968), especially the chapter on mental disorders in time of colonial war. 8. Ignacio Martín-Baró, Writings for a Liberation Psychology, ed. and trans. Adrianne Aron and Shawn Corne (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 9. Hollander, Love in a Time of Hate. 10. For other views on the psychology of liberation, drawing on Jungian ideas, see Mary Watkins, “Seeding Liberation: A Dialogue Between Depth Psychology and Liberation Psychology,” in Depth Psychology: Meditations in the Field, ed. Dennis P. Slattery and Lionel Corbett (Einseideln, Switzerland: Daimon Verlag, 2000), 204–224; Helene S. Lorenz and Mary Watkins, “Silenced Knowings, Forgotten Springs: Paths to Healing in the Wake of Colonialism,” Radical Psychology: A Journal of Psychology, Politics, and Radicalism (2001) Ͻhttp:/www.radpsynet. org/journal1vol2–2/Lorenz-watkins.htmlϾ (accessed March 2006); Helene S. Lorenz and Mary Watkins, “Depth Psychology and Colonialism: Individuation, Seeing-Through, and Liberation,” Quadrant 33, no. 1 (2003): 11–32. 11. Hollander, Love in a Time of Hate, 16–17. 12. The psychotherapists studied by Hollander rely on the theories of Freud and Marx. See Hollander, Love in a Time of Hate, 13, 17, and chapter 2. 13. Hollander, Love in a Time of Hate, 2, 18. 14. Ibid., 1, 17. 15. Mindell, a Jungian analyst, writes of the “awareness revolution” in his book on oppression and abuse. He insists that changing oppressive social structures does not necessarily change individuals and consciousness. See Arnold Mindell, Sitting in the Fire: Large Group Transformation Using Conflict and Diversity (Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press, 1995), 226. His book offers programs to resolve conflicts and increase awareness in large groups of oppressed persons. 16. Jungian analysts have written books on other aspects of politics and oppression. See Andrew Samuels, The Political Psyche (London: Routledge, 1993); Andrew Samuels, Politics on the Couch: Citizenship and the Internal Life (London: Profile Books, 2001); V. Walter Odajnyk, Jung and Politics: The Political and Social Ideas of C. G. Jung (New York: New York University Press, 1976); Louis H. Stewart, The Changemakers: A Depth Psychological Study of the Individual, Family and Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Mindell, Sitting in the Fire; Arthur D. Colman, Up from Scapegoating: Awakening Consciousness in Groups (Wilmette, IL: Chiron, 1995). Chapter 1 Conscientization and Individuation 1. C. G. Jung, “Conscious, Unconscious, and Individuation,” in The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, vol. 9, part I of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, ed. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, Gerhard Adler, William McGuire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), paras. 522–533; C. G. Jung, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, vol. 7 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, ed. Herbert Read, Notes ● 161 Michael Fordham, Gerhard Adler, William McGuire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), paras. 342, 381. 2. See Donald Sandner and John Beebe, “Psychopathology and Analysis,” in Jungian Analysis, ed. Murray Stein (Boulder: Shambhala, 1984), 310; Jung, Two Essays, 224. 3. Jung, Two Essays, 228–229. 4. C. G Jung, Foreword to Depth Psychology and a New Ethic, by Erich Neumann (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1973), 17–18. 5. Samuels, Political Psyche, 4, 14. 6. Odajnyk, Jung and Politics; Victor D’Lugin, “C.G. Jung and Political Theory: An Examination of the Ideas of Carl Gustav Jung showing their Relationship to Political Theory,” Ph.D. diss., 1981, available in University Microfilms; Samuels, Political Psyche, chapters 12 and 13. 7. Mindell, Sitting in the Fire; Roberto Gambini, “The Soul of Underdevelopment: The Case of Brazil,” in Zurich 95: Open Questions in Analytical Psychology, ed. Mary Ann Matoon (Einseideln: Daimon Verlag, 1997), 139–148; Roberto Gambini, Indian Mirror: The Making of the Brazilian Soul (Sao Paulo: Axis Mundi Editora, 2000); Samuels, Politics on the Couch; Thomas Singer and Samuel L. Kimbles, eds. The Cultural Complex: Contemporary Jungian Perspectives on Psyche and Society (New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2004); Anthony Stevens, The Roots of War: A Jungian Perspective (New York: Paragon House, 1989); Jerome Bernstein, Power and Politics: The Psychology of Soviet-American Partnership (Boston: Shambhala, 1989); Stewart, Changemakers. 8. Miriam Steiner, “The Search for Order in a Disorderly World: Worldviews and Prescriptive Decision Paradigms,” International Organization 37, no. 3 (1983): 373–414; Lawrence Alschuler, “Oppression and Liberation: A Psycho-Political Analysis According to Freire and Jung,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 32, no. 2 (1992): 8–31; Lawrence Alschuler, “Oppression, Liberation, and Narcissism: A Jungian Psychopolitical Analysis of the Ideas of Albert Memmi,” Alternatives 21, no. 4 (1996): 497–523. 9. C. G. Jung, The Undiscovered Self, in Civilization in Transition, vol. 10 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, ed. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, Gerhard Adler, William McGuire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 60–61. 10. Jung, Undiscovered, 45. 11. Ibid., 53, 55, 124–125. 12. Ibid., 48. 13. Ibid., 55–56. 14. Ibid., 125. 15. Marie-Louise von Franz, Preface to Jung and Politics, by V. Walter Odajnyk (New York: New York University Press, 1976), x. 16. Jung, Undiscovered, 42. 17. Ibid., 45. 18. Edward C. Whitmont, The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 266; Edward F. Edinger, 162 ● Notes Ego and Archetype: Individuation and the Religious Function of the Psyche (New York: Penguin, 1973), 186. 19. Sandner and Beebe, “Psychopathology and Analysis,” 298. 20. Jolande Jacobi, The Way of Individuation (New York: Meridian, 1967), 68–70. 21. Whitmont, Symbolic Quest, 93, 309. 22. Erich Neumann, “Narcissism, Normal Self-Formation, and the Primary Relation to the Mother,” Spring (1966): 85. 23. Andrew Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 152. 24. Edinger, Ego and Archetype, 21, 23. 25. Whitmont, Symbolic Quest, 232. 26. Edinger, Ego and Archetype, 20. 27. C. G. Jung, “A Review of the Complex Theory,” in The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, vol. 8 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, ed. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, Gerhard Adler, William McGuire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 96, 101, 104. 28. Sandner and Beebe, “Psychopathology and Analysis,” 299. 29. Ibid., 298; see also Lawrence Alschuler, “Re-psychling: the Archetypal Image of Asklepios, the Wounded Healer,” International Journal of Comparative Religion and Philosophy 1, no. 2 (1995). 30. Whitmont, Symbolic Quest, 247. 31. Edinger, Ego and Archetype, 43. 32. Ibid., 39. 33. Ibid., 15, 36, 40, 42, 48, 50, 52, 56. 34. Ibid., 103. 35. Jung, “Review,” 97. 36. In fact, the cycle of complex formation and integration extends as well to the third stage. 37. John W. Perry, “Emotions and Object Relations,” Journal of Analytical Psychology 15, no. 1 (1970): 6. 38. Ibid., 7. 39. Edinger, Ego and Archetype, 97. 40. Ibid., 69, 48–52. 41. Samuels, Political Psyche, 53. 42. See chapter 2 of this volume. 43. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972); Paulo Freire, Pédagogie des opprimés (Paris: Maspero, 1974). In chapter 4 of this volume I present a new formulation of the political development of the person, integrating the ideas of