SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES MA THESIS POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN WARDER TOWN, EASTERN ETHIOPIA BY BRHANEMESKEL AMARE AUGUST, 2016 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES MA THESIS POTABLE WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION IN WARDER TOWN, EASTERN ETHIOPIA BY BRHANEMESKEL AMARE ADVISOR: TEFERI MOKENEN (PHD) MA THESIS SUMITTED TO ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENTOF THE REQUIERMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. AUGUST, 2016 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and that all source of materials used for this thesis have been dually acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for MA degree at Adama Science and Technology University and is deposited at the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. Declared by Name: BRHANEMESKEL AMARE Signature: ____________________ Date: _______________________ Confirmed by Name: __________________________________ Signature:_________________________ Date: ________________________ Place and Date of Submission: ASTU, August, 2016 i ACKNOWLEDGMENT Acknowledgment is due for almighty God with His assistance every things is impossible. With great pleasure and deep sense of thankfulness, I express my gratitude to my research advisor Doctor Teferi Mekonen for his tireless encouragement, masterly guidance, scholarly criticisms and critical comments. I thank him for his concern and kindness. I must also express my deep gratitude to my ex- advisor Dr. Tsetadrgachew Legesse for his tireless encouragement, masterly guidance, scholarly criticisms and critical comments in my proposal. I must also express my deep gratitude to my ex- advisor Mister Hurgesa Hundra for his tireless encouragement, masterly guidance, scholarly criticisms and critical comments in my thesis. I would like to express my thanks to Warder Water Supply and Sewerage Service, Warder Municipality and Warder town dwellers for their collaboration and providing necessary data and information for my study. I would also like to thank all my friends for their moral support and encouragement for the success of this paper specially Destalem Gebremariam, Fikadu Kebede, Bewketu Tadele, Asfaw kebede and Haftamu kiross and my soon Zemichael Brhanemeskel. Last but not least I shall remain grateful to my dear wife Tirngo Million who stood by me and extended all possible support to complete this work without her assistance and encouragement; all what I always do would have been incomplete. ii Table of Contents Contents Pages DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of figures ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Acronyms/Abbreviations.................................................................................................. viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background of the Study ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1. General objective .......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4. The Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................... 4 1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study ....................................................................................... 5 1.7. Ethical Consideration of the Research Process .................................................................... 5 1.8. Data Validity and Reliability ................................................................................................ 5 1.9. Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ............................................... 7 2.1. Theoretical Literature ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Concept and definition of potable water supply ........................................................... 7 2.1.2. Distribution of water resource ...................................................................................... 8 2.1.3. Access to drinking water and its prospect..................................................................... 9 2.1.4. The state of urban potable water supply in Ethiopia ................................................... 11 2.2. Empirical Literature ........................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Potable water consumption ......................................................................................... 14 2.2.2. Source of potable water supply ................................................................................... 16 2.2.3. Challenges of potable water supply ............................................................................ 17 iii 2.3. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND RESARCH METHODS 20 3.1. Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................ 20 3.1.1. Location of the Study Area ......................................................................................... 20 3.1.2. Climatic characteristics ............................................................................................... 21 3.1.3. Topography ................................................................................................................. 22 3.1.4. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics ....................................................... 22 3.2. Research Methods and Materials ....................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Research design .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2. Data types and sources ................................................................................................ 23 3.2.3. Sample size determination .......................................................................................... 23 3.2.4. Sampling techniques ................................................................................................... 25 3.2.5. Methods of data collection .......................................................................................... 26 3.3. Methods of Data Analysis .................................................................................................. 28 3.3.1. Descriptive analysis .................................................................................................... 28 3.3.2. Regression analysis ..................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION .............................................. 30 4.1. Socio- economic and Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ........................... 30 4.1.1. Household size, sex ratio and age structure ................................................................ 30 4.1.2. Age of the sample household head ............................................................................. 31 4.1.3. Marital status of the sample households ..................................................................... 31 4.1.4. Family size .................................................................................................................. 32 4.1.5. Occupational status ..................................................................................................... 33 4.1.6. Household income .....................................................................................................