A DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION FOR PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES DAVID THOMAS AND RICHARD GIESER Summer Institute of Lingu.istics University of North Dakota 1. GENERALITIES. Many tentativ~ lists or classifications of the languages of the Philippines have been made, but to facilitate the work of linguists and librarians it has been felt necessary to draw up a new classification incorporating recent dialect findings in a decimal framework. The influence of Professor Cecilio Lopez, and his comparative studies with and following Dempwolff, have had a major influence on the comparison and classification of Philippine languages. Other major attempts at Philip­ pine language listing and classification include Beyer 1917, 1942, Conklin 1952, Healey 1962, Chretien 1962, Thomas and Healey 1962, Dyen 1965. There is not full agreement between linguists regarding all the groupings and sub­ groupings of the languages, .yet there is substantial agreement in many broad areas. This agreement ·we attempt to capture, but without forcing premature decisions where · the evidence is not decisive. A decimal classification permits the grouping together of related languages and permits hierarchical structuring, yet without necessarily implying il rigid tree structure. The Dewey Decimal System is a librarian's tool for grouping together books on related subjects, and for distinguishing between general and specific works. It is a pragmatic classification for arranging books on library shelves, yet necessarily grounded in scientific facts. Applied to languages this means that related languages should be placed together, and that mother languages should be properly related to their daughter languages. The two chief desiderata in making classifications are logical subdivisions (for ease in assigning numbers to specific books), and economy of digits (i.e. short strings of numbers). Unused decimal numbers can be utilized for languages of uncertain relationship. The current Dewey outline (17th ed.) dismisses the Philippine languages with just 499.21 Tagalog family; 499.211 Tagalog. This is clearly inadequate, hence the present paper.1 1 The first author is librarian for the Vietnam branch of SIL, having done previous research in the Philippines; the second author is a member of the Linguistics Committee of the Philippine branch of SIL. The first author is primarily responsible for Section 1 and the paper as a whole, the second author for Section 2, and both jointly for Section 3, though both authors contributed to all sections. ' We are indebted to our colleagues Alan Healey, SIL New Guinea linguistic consultant, and Charles Walton, SIL Philippines survey director, for much information and advice. And we are indebted to R. David Zorc for information on languages and dialects of the Visayas, Mindoro, the Calamian region, and Palawan. 64 A DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION FOR PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES 65 In an attempt to make more economical use of the 499 series in handling the large numbers of Austronesian and Oceanic languages, the libraries of the Vietnam branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics have modified the Dewey outline for 499 as follows: 499 General Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic 499.1 Indonesian languages 499.2 Philippine languages 499.3 Chaniic (Vietnam) languages, Malagasy 499.4 Polynesian languages 499.5 Micronesian, Formosan languages 499.6 Papuanlanguages, E. New Guinea 499. 7 Melanesian languages 499 .8 Australian languages Recent detailed surveys by the Philippine branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, combined with their nearly twenty years of research in the languages of the Philippines, provide the base for our proposed classification; at the same time we gratefully acknowledge the insights gained from previous listings. 2. LISTING OF LANGUAGES. We propose the following decimal classification for Philippine languages, using 499.2 as the base. (Libraries retaining the current Dewey 499 outline should use 499.21 rather than 499.2 as the base.) · 499.2 Philippine languages, general 499.21 Northern Negrito group and Luzon various ·.211 Batan group: lvatan*2, Itbayat*; Yami .212 Cagayan Province Negrito3 group: Santa Ana, Gonzaga, Santa Margarita, Roso .213 Casiguran Dumagat*, Palanan Dumagat, Paranan; Kasiguranin .214 San Mariano Negrito; Dicamay Negrito; Baler Dumagat .215 Dingalan Bay4 Dumaget5 ·group: Umiray*, Diteki, Tagi kabuluwen, Depoynga, Anglat .216 llongot .217 Botolan Samba!*, Samba! .218 Pangasinan 2The following conventions have been adopted in the listing of languages and dialects in Section 2: * An asterisk signifies that the language has also been called by other names, which are listed in the Appendix. Further alternate names may be found in Conklin (1952). , ; Two languages joined by a comma or a sei:nicolon are closely related, a comma representing a closer relationship than a semicolon. The degree of relationship symbolized by either a comma or a semicolon in one section is not necessarily to be equated with the degree of relationship represented by the sar.ne symbol in another section. I A slash signifies geographic proximity, with genetic grouping not clear. 3See Headland (ms.) for the Negrito lang-uages classified under 499.212, .213, and .214. 'lGeographical names, such as 'Dingalan Bay', are occasionally used as names of languages or groups. These are not to be taken as necessarily designating exactly the area in which the included languages are spoken. They merely indicate a geographical place or feature with which the included languages can reasonably be associated. ssee Macleod (ms.) for the' Dingalan Bay Dumaget group (499.215). 66 PARAMGAL KAY CECILIO LOPEZ .219 Pampangan* 499.22 Banagic Cordilleran group .211 lbanag I Atok I Piggattan .222 Atta group: Pamplona; Pudtol .223 ltawis*, Malaweg / Barran .224 Bayag Isneg,6 Kabugao, Dibagat, Tawit .225 Southern Apayao: Talifugu, Karagawan, Dagara .226 Gaddang* .227 Agta* .228 Yogad 499.23 Central Cordilleran group, general Cordilleran .231 Ilokano .232 ltneg* group: Adasen, Binongan, Masadiit .233 Kalinga group: Balbalasang, Guinaang; Pinukpuk; Maddukayang .234 Bonfoc group: C:11ntral Bontoc*, Bayyu; Balangao* .235 Kankanay group: Northern Kankanay*, Lepanto, Bauko; Southern Kankanay* .236 Northern lfugao 7 group:•Amganad, Kababuyan, Banaue, Guhang, Bayninan; Ayangan, Batad; Mayaoyao .237 Southern lfugao group: Kiangan, Hungduan, Burnay; Hapao .238 Inibaloi*; Kalanguya*, Keley-i Kallahan* / Hanglulu .239 Isinai 499.24 Tagalic Sutic group, general Sulic .241 Tagalog*, Bulacan, Sierra de Mariveles Negri to .242 Chabakano8 languages: Ermitefio; Cavitefio .243 Bikolano .244 Biko! of Sorsogon .246 Cagayanon* 499.25 Visayan Sutic group .251 Northern Sulu Sea group: Kuyunon, Datagnon*, Bulalakaonon, Semirara .252 Romblonanon; Aklanon, Loocnon, Santa Fe*, Pandan .253 Kinaray-a*, Hantik*, 5'·1Jud: Ati, Ata of Panay / Agtaa .254 Hiligaynon *, Capiznon * .255 Odiongan, Banton, Sibale, Corcuera; Masbatefio .256 Cebuano*, Camotes Island Dialect; Bohol* .257 Waray* .258 Northeast Mindanao group: Surigaonon, Butuanon, Bislig Kamayo .259 Tausug 499.26 Mindoro - Calamian - Palawan Sulic group .261 Hanun6o · .262 lraya .263 Central Mangyan group: Buhid*, Batangan*, Bangon, Baribi* .264 Tajawan*; Alangan* .266 Calamian group: Kalamiano; Kalamian Tagbanwa, Agutaynon .268 Batak*, Aborlan Tagbanwa .269 Palawano, Palawano of Bugsuk Island, Molbog, Ke-ney* 499.27 Mindanao Sulic group 6See Roe (ms.) for languages classified under 499.224 and .225. 7We are grateful to Leonard NeweH for suggestions rega.rding classifications 499.236,.237, and .238. 8For'Chabakano' used in this sense see Ward (1971.107). A term such as 'Hispl!nicized Language' may be more generally understood, since 'Chabakano' is often used as a specific language name. Whether Ermitefio and Cavitefio are basically Spanish or Tagalog is not settled. If they are basically Spanish, then Ermitefio, Cavitefio, Zamboanguefio and Davawefio should be put together in a group, probably under. 298. If this choice is made, then .29 would be relabelled as 'Hispanic and Mindanao various'. However, if Ennitefio and Cavitefio are basically Tagalic, the present classification would be correct. A DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION FOR PHILIPPINE LANGUAGES 67 .271 Mamanwa* .272 Mansakic group: Mansaka, Maragusan .273 Mandayan group: Mandaya*, Muslim ofMati .274 Isam al .275 Kalag;m* .276 Subanun group: Sindangan, Siocon .277 Maranao .278 Maguindanao; Ilanun 499.28 Manobo Sulic group9 .281 Binukid* .282 Dibabawon *, Mangguanan .283 Agusan .Manobo .284 Tigwa Manobo, Salug Manobo, Ata Manobo* / Banuanan .285 Western Bukidnon Manobo*, Pulangien, Kulamanen .286 Ilianen Manobo* .287 Bagobo group: Obo; Tagabawa .288 Cotabato Manobo*, Blit Manobo, Tasaday .289 Sarangani Manobo* 499.29 Mindanao various .291 Tboli*, Ubo .292 Tiruray .293 Bille group: Koronadal Bilaan, Sarangani Bilaan; .294 Guiangan* Bagobo .295 Sangir; Sangil • .296 Samalic group, general 1 Siasi*; Balangingi; Simunul 2 JamaMapun 3 Pangutaran 4 Kapul* 5 Yakan 6 Lutangan .297 · Chabakano languages: Davawefio 10; Zamboangefio .298 Borneo group: Dusun, Melebuganon; Murutic group 3. COMMENTS. Problems encountered in a listing of this sort include language vs. dialect questions, multiple names for a single language, and imprecise popular names. We aim for a listing of languages only, but there are probably a number of dialects inadvertently included in the listing. Other names for the languages are given in the Appendix. And imprecise popular names, such as lgorot, Moro, and the like, are avoided. From