DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.022 presented to the Doctoral School of Military Sciences National University of Public Service by Colonel Mag. Dr. Wolfgang ZECHA, MSc Supervisors Hon. A.o.Prof. Dr.habil. Dr. Andrea RIEMER, PhD and Dr. András UJJ, PhD Vienna, September 2012 1 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.022 Preface More than ten years ago the Austrian government decided to integrate the officer training system according to the Bologna process. That meant that the training of the officer cadets at the Theresan Military Academy was rearranged and divided into scientific training leading to a bachelor degree and an officer training course. Since 2010 further military education leading to a master´s degree has been instituted at the National Defence Academy in Vienna. Military sciences are not recognized in Austria as a scientific discipline and therefore there are no possibilities to study these sciences in Austria. It seems to be necessary to develop a PhD programme within the Austrian Armed Forces in the long run. In 2008 the National Defence Academy started a co-operation with the Hungarian Zrinyi Miklos National Defence University to offer Austrian officers the possibility to take part in a PhD programme on military sciences. The Austrian students had to participate in certain seminars in Vienna and Budapest, but they were allowed to fulfil the teaching obligations in scientific programmes or universities in Austria. Additionally they had to publish the results of their research in Austrian or other journals, proceedings, or books. When the PhD programme was first presented in Vienna in the beginning of 2008, the author decided to take part in that programme and applied for it. After the accession three years of intensive studies and research followed and this thesis is now presented to the scientific community. Now it is time to say thank you to several persons who supported the author: First of all, I want to thank the head of the Language Institute of the Austrian Armed Forces, BG Mag. Horst Walther. He supported the idea from the very beginning because he was convinced of the importance of training officers of the Austrian Armed Forces in military sciences on a PhD level – if Austria wanted to be able to deal with this branch of science, it had to have officers holding PhD degrees as well. I want to address a special thank you to my first supervisor, Hon. A.o. Prof. Dr. habil. Dr. Andrea RIEMER PhD, who very early gave me a first advice on how to fix the research design. Her useful feedback on my draft version of the thesis helped to produce an austere text, which came to the point according to her expectations. Secondly I want to thank my second supervisor Col. Dr. András UJJ very much for chairing the pre defence and his helpful advises afterwards. Finally, I want to thank my wife Claudia and my children Ines and Fabio for their understanding during the final phase of writing. During that time they had to tolerate my concentration on the thesis and that I had only very little time for them. 2 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.022 Table of Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Research Design .........................................................................................................10 1.1. Research Framework ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. Issues and Challenges in International Operations: Past and Present ......................... 11 1.1.2. Between Neutrality and Solidarity – the Austrian Dilemma and Ways out ................15 1.2. Hypotheses.........................................................................................................................16 1.3. Research Questions............................................................................................................17 1.4. Research Goals ..................................................................................................................18 1.5. Methodology......................................................................................................................19 1.6. Cases and Framework Conditions .....................................................................................22 1.7. Value Added of the Research Work ...................................................................................26 Chapter 2: Questions of International Law ..................................................................................28 2.1. General Questions of International Law............................................................................28 2.2. The Law of War and the Neutrality Law ...........................................................................29 2.3. A short Genesis of Austria’s Neutrality .............................................................................31 2.4. A short History of Austrian Security Policy ......................................................................33 Chapter 3: Security Policy in the Manifestos of the Austrian Political Parties.............................36 3.1. Party Manifestos of the APP..............................................................................................37 3.2. Party Manifestos of the ASDP...........................................................................................40 3.3. Party Manifestos of the AFP..............................................................................................43 3.4. Party manifestos of the AGP .............................................................................................46 3.5. Programmes of the AFA ....................................................................................................47 Chapter 4: Case Studies and Framework Conditions during the First Phase of Austria’s Security Policy ..............................................................................................................................49 4.1. Framework Condition – Austrian State Treaty, Neutrality and UN Membership 1955 ...................................................................................................................................49 4.2. Case Study – the first Austrian Contingent in the International Operations in the Congo in 1960 .............................................................................................................54 4.3. Framework Condition – Defence Doctrine and Austrian Defence Plan, 1962- 1982 ...................................................................................................................................57 4.4. Case Study – Cyprus 1964, Austrian Law to Conduct International Operations, Amendment of the Austrian Defence Law ........................................................................59 Chapter 5: Case Studies and Framework Conditions in Period 2 ................................................. 62 5.1 Case Study – The First “armed operations” in 1972 ..........................................................62 5.2 Case Study – Austria as a Member of the Security Council (SC) ......................................67 5.2.1 Austria’s First Period from 1973 – 1974 ......................................................................69 5.2.2 Austria’s Second Period from 1991 – 1992..................................................................72 a) The Kuwait Crisis 1990 – 1991.....................................................................................74 b) The Yugoslavia Crisis from 1991 onwards ...................................................................81 5.2.3 Austria’s third Period from 2009 – 2010......................................................................95 5.2.4 Summary of the Austrian Memberships in the UN SC ................................................99 Chapter 6 – Case Studies and Framework Conditions in Period 3 .............................................101 6.1. Framework Condition – EU-Membership, Relations with WEU and Membership in NATO-PfP ..............................................................................................101 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.022 6.2. Case Study – IFOR/SFOR Operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) 1996...................107 6.3. Case Study – KFOR, International Operations in Kosovo.............................................. 113 6.4. Framework Condition – Security Doctrine 2001, Comprehensive Security Provisions 2006, Security Strategy 2011......................................................................... 118 6.4.1. The failed Options Report on Austrian Security Policy............................................ 118 6.4.2. Security Doctrine 2001..............................................................................................125 6.4.3. Comprehensive Security Provisions 2006.................................................................131 6.4.4. Security Strategy 2011 ..............................................................................................133 6.5. Case Study – EUFOR Chad/RCA 2007 – 2009 ..............................................................137 Chapter 7 – Conclusions and Results..........................................................................................147 7.1. Answers to the Research Questions.................................................................................147 7.2. Achievement