%RMDQ$OHNVRYForgotten Yugoslavism and anti-clericalism of Young Bosnians Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 79-87 UDK 329.78(497.15)"1906/1914" )25*277(1<8*26/$9,60$1'$17,&/(5,&$/,60 2)<281*%261,$16 %RMDQ$OHNVRY 8&/6FKRRORI6ODYRQLFDQG(DVW(XURSHDQ6WXGLHV/RQGRQ Abstract: Worldviews and political ambitions of Young Bosnians were a far cry from later and contemporary emanations of Serbian nationalism, as evident in the- ir Yugoslavism and staunch anti-clericalism. They should neither be praised for what they did nor blamed for what happened later. Their act can be understood and interpreted only in its own historical context, which opens new avenues for resear- ch away from false analogies and political abuses. 7KHUHLVDQROGQREOHFXVWRPSUDFWLVHGLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPZKHUHE\DFDGHP- LFV DQGRWKHUV GHFODUHDQLQWHUHVWZKHQGLVFXVVLQJPDWWHUVSHUVRQVWRZKLFKWKH\ might have a relation. Unfortunately this has not been the case in the historiography RIWKRVHKLJKO\GLVSXWHGLVVXHVVXFKDVWKHRULJLQVRI)LUVW:RUOG:DU1 Despite the IDFWWKDWGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHIURPDOOVLGHVZDVSXEOLVKHGDOUHDG\LQWKHLQWHUZDU SHULRGWKHGLIIHUHQFHVRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGRSLQLRQDELGHRUHYHQLQFUHDVHZLWKWLPH VRWKDWZKDWLVEHLQJZULWWHQRIWHQUHIOHFWVWKHFRQWH[WDQGEDFNJURXQGRILWVDXWKRU UDWKHUWKDQWKHHYHQWDQDO\VHG,ZDQWWREUHDNWKLVFLUFOHRIXQDFNQRZOHGJHGELDV E\GHFODULQJWKDW,ZDVERUQDQGUDLVHGLQWKHVWUHHWEHDULQJWKHQDPHRI1HGHOMNR ýDEULQRYLüWKHIDLOHG6DUDMHYRERPEHUDQGWKXVIURPHDUO\DJHVXEMHFWWRWKHJUDQG 6RFLDOLVW<XJRVODYLD¶VQDUUDWLYHRI<RXQJ%RVQLDQVDVIUHHGRPILJKWHUVDQG<XJR- 1)RUWKHPDQLSXODWLRQRIDUFKLYDOUHFRUGVDQGHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWKHWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKH RXWEUHDNRI::,LQWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGDQGODWHUVHH.HLWK:LOVRQHGForging the collec- tive memory: government and international historians through two World Wars 2[IRUG %HUJKDKQ%RRNV 79 %RMDQ$OHNVRYForgotten Yugoslavism and anti-clericalism of Young Bosnians Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 79-87 VODYLD¶VIRXQGLQJIDWKHUVDVHVWDEOLVKHGE\9HVHOLQ0DVOHãDDQG9ODGLPLU'HGLMHU WKRXJKDVZHDOONQRZWKH\ZHUHWRR\RXQJDQGQDwIIRUHLWKHU Marking its centenary, Sarajevo outrage has been invoked not only as a trigger but a serious cause for the Great War. 2 The issue of responsibility looms large be- cause the tragedy that ensued determined the course of events in Europe for almost DFHQWXU\(VSHFLDOO\LQ%RVQLDZKDWKDSSHQHGRQWKDWIDWDOGD\VWLOOPDWWHUVDQGFDQ easily upset the fragile peace. Therefore, I decided not to attempt to populate any fur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äLåHNFDOOVVXEMHFWLYHYLROHQFH ZKRVHHSLWRPH3ULQFLS¶VDFWLVZKLFKEOLQGVXVWRWKHVRFDOOHGV\VWHPLFYLROHQFH HQGHPLFWRRXUVRFLRHFRQRPLFRUGHUDQGRIWHQZLWKFDWDVWURSKLFFRQVHTXHQFHV4)L- QDOO\WKHGLVFXVVLRQZDVPDUUHGIURPWKHRXWVHWE\WKHIODZHGDQGQRWFRQVHTXHQ- tial use of terms terror and terrorism, disregarding the transformation of their use and SHUFHSWLRQRYHUWLPH/HWPHQRWHWKDWWKH%RVQLDQ0XVOLP1DWLRQDO2UJDQLVDWLRQ 012 LQLWVPHPRUDQGXPWRWKH2WWRPDQ3DUOLDPHQWMXVWIHZ\HDUVEHIRUHWKHDV- VDVVLQDWLRQGHVFULEHGWKH+DEVEXUJUXOHDV³VWDWHWHUURULVP´5 2 )RU WKH ZDU RULJLQV¶ DVVHVVPHQW DQG PRUH RQ th anniversary see Jay Winter, ed., The Legacy of the Great War.&ROXPELD0L8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL3UHVVZKHUHGLVWLQJX- LVKHGKLVWRULDQV-D\:LQWHU1LDOO)HUJXVRQDQG3DXO.HQQHG\GRQRWHYHQGLVFXVVWKH%DONDQ IDFWRUVZKHQDQDO\VLQJWKHFDXVHVIRUWKHZDU 3,QWKLVUHJDUG,VXEVFULEHWRWKHRSLQLRQRI6DUDMHYRZULWHUDQGIRUPHUDPEDVVDGRU=ODWNR 'L]GDUHYLü ZKR GHVFULEHG WKH RYHUZURXJKW FHQWHQQLDO FHOHEUDWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ WKLV FRQIHU- HQFHDV³DQH[SUHVVLRQRIF\QLFLVP´$FFRUGLQJWR'L]GDUHYLüWKH\DUHWRQRDGYDQWDJHRI 6DUDMHYRRULWVLQKDELWDQWVEHFDXVHWKHZDUGLGQRWVWDUWLQ6DUDMHYRDQG6DUDMHYRZDVQRW UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHZDUEXWWKHJUHDWSRZHUV0RUHRYHU'L]GDUHYLüVXPVXSWKHFRPPRQ SHUFHSWLRQ³WKH\¶YHUHRSHQHGDEDWWOHDPRQJXVRYHU*DYULOR3ULQFLS´VRQHZIDXOWOLQHV DUHEHLQJFUHDWHGDQGROGZRXQGVGHHSHQHG6HHWKHLQWHUYLHZZLWK'L]GDUHYLüSarajevo, One Hundred Years DW KWWSZZZEDOFDQLFDXFDVRRUJHQJ5HJLRQVDQGFRXQWULHV%RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD6DUDMHYR2QH+XQGUHG<HDUVIURPHQJQHZVOHWWHU 46ODYRMäLåHNViolence. Six Sideways Reflections1HZ<RUN3LFDGRU 5$QRQ\PRXV0HPRUDQGXPPXVOLPDQDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSUHGDQ2VPDQOLMVNRP3DU- ODPHQWXPMHVHFDIHEUXDUD JRGX&DULJUDGX&DULJUDGQS &LWHGLQ<RUN 80 %RMDQ$OHNVRYForgotten Yugoslavism and anti-clericalism of Young Bosnians Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 79-87 My modest concern here is only to rescue one aspect of the event from manipu- ODWLRQQDPHO\WKHDJHQF\RI<RXQJ%RVQLDQV)LUVWRIDOOUHFHQWUHYLVLWLQJRI6DUD- jevo assassination is unashamedly approached from above.6 The most talked about recent portrayal of the major players of the period for example, that of Christopher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üLQ7KHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRIWKLVEUXWDOPXUGHU ZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\ZLGHO\NQRZQDQGDQDO\VHGEXWQRWWRLPSO\VRPHEDUEDULW\WRWKH assassins but racist and orientalist stereotypes and discourse in its descriptions like that of the New York Times, published on 24th of June 1903.7 Same could be said for &ODUN¶VDFFRXQWRIWKLVPXUGHUZKLFKFURZQVDZHDOWKRIUHGXQGDQWGHWDLODERXW6HU- ELDQDQG%DONDQSROLWLFVLQDFKDLQRIGLVSDUDWHHSLVRGHVRIXQUHODWHGDQGRIWHQJUXH- VRPHYLROHQFHWKDWLVRYHUZKHOPLQJLUUHOHYDQWDQGVHUYHVWRUHLQIRUFHQHJDWLYHDQG stereotypical conceptions of the region that have long been disproved by scholars. )LQDOO\&KULVWRSKHU&ODUNDQGRWKHUVRSHQO\TXHVWLRQZKHWKHU<RXQJ%RVQLDQV¶DO- OHJHG<XJRVODYLVPZDVQRWKLQJEXWDJJUHVVLYH6HUEQDWLRQDOLVPLQGLVJXLVHE\GUDZ- 1RUPDQ$UH0XVOLPVµ-HZV¶RUµ*\SVLHV¶"$5HDVVHVVPHQWRI%RVQLDQ0XVOLP3ROLWLFDO Thought under the Habsburgs. unpublished manuscript, 2010. 6 See Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers. How Europe Went to War in 1914/RQGRQ3HQ- guin, 2012 is echoed in Sean McMeekin, July 1014: Countdown to War./RQGRQ,FRQ and previously The Russian Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard Uni- YHUVLW\3UHVVFODLPLQJWKDW<RXQJ%RVQLDZDVMXVWDQRIIVKRRWRIWKH%ODFN+DQGEXW less so by Margaret MacMillan, The War that Ended Peace: How Europe abandoned peace for the First World War/RQGRQ3URILOHERRNV Among recent publications is also a blatantly revisionist and romanticised account by Greg King and Sue Woolmans, The Assas- sination of the Archduke1HZ<RUN6W0DUWLQ¶V3UHVV1RQHZHYLGHQFHDSSHDUHG UHFHQWO\VRPRVWFODLPVRIWKHVHERRNVDUHEDVHGRQ/XLJL$OEHUWLQLThe Origins of The War of 1914 Vol. I-II.2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV9ROXPH,,SDJHVGHDOZLWK the assassination and its origins. 7=$%=HPDQ7KH%DONDQVDQGWKH&RPLQJRI:DULQ5-:(YDQVDQG+DUWPXW3RJJH von Strandman, eds., The Coming of the First World War2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV 19-32. here 21. 81 %RMDQ$OHNVRYForgotten Yugoslavism and anti-clericalism of Young Bosnians Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 79-87 LQJSDUDOOHOVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVWRKRZ6HUEQDWLRQDOLVPZDVDGULYLQJIRUFHEHKLQG PXFKRILQWHUZDU<XJRVODYLDVRPHKRUULILFFULPHVFRPPLWWHGGXULQJWKH::DQG ODVWEXWQRWOHDVWLWVNH\UROHLQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHVHFRQG<XJRVODYLDDVZHOODV LQZDUVDQGFULPHVFRPPLWWHGLQV 1RQHWKHOHVV&ODUN¶VRU0F0HHNLQ¶VUHYLVLRQLVWSRUWUD\DOVRI6DUDMHYRHYHQWV have encountered many supporters and led to changing perceptions among an edu- FDWHGDXGLHQFHZLWKRXWGHHSNQRZOHGJHRIWKHUHJLRQ0RVWUHYLHZHUVRI&ODUNZHUH no expert in the subject, not even historians, and many easily misunderstood the au- WKRUEXWQHYHUWKHOHVVDELGHGE\&ODUN¶VRZQDQDORJLHVZHQWRQWRSURMHFWZKDWKDS- pened in Sarajevo. 7KRPDV/DTXHUZULWHVDERXWLWDVDQH[DPSOHRI6HUELDQLUUHGHQ- tism, defined as a poisonous mixture of self-serving history and mushy metaphys- ics.8,QKLVUHYLHZRQ+LVWRU\1HZV1HWZRUN-LP&XOOHQZULWHVDERXW<RXQJ%RV- nians as fanatical Serbian terrorists and then explains to his readers that Serbian na- tionalism has long had strong religious overtones.9&RQWHPSRUDU\REVHUYHUVZRXOG FHUWDLQO\ILQGSOHQW\RIHYLGHQFHIRUWKLVDVRQHRIWKHELVKRSVRIWKH6HUELDQ2UWKR- dox Church recently characterized Princip and friends as “Serbian fighters for eter- QDOOLIHLQIUHHGRPDQGGLJQLW\´10 1RZWKDW,GHILQHGWKHSUREOHPOHWPHWXUQWRWKHPRGHVWDLPRIWKHUHVWRIP\ SDSHUDQGGLVFXVV<RXQJ%RVQLD¶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ondon Review of Books 9RO. 35 No. 23, 5 December 2013DYDLODEOHRQKWWSZZZOUEFRXNYQWKRPDVODTXHXUVRPH damn-foolish-thing. 9-LP&XOOHQ5HYLHZRI&KULVWRSKHU&ODUN¶V³7KH6OHHSZDONHUV+RZ(XURSH:HQWWR:DULQ ´SXEOLVKHGRQDQGDYDLODEOHRQKWWSKQQXVDUWLFOH 10$VVWDWHGE\%LVKRSRI%LKDüDQG3HWURYDF$WDQDVLMHKHOGWKHUHTXLHPIRU3ULQFLSLQKLV