CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH DESIGN Final LAKE CHELAN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT FERC Project No. 637 March 15, 2002 (Revised June 5, 2002) Prepared by: Hemisphere Field Services Bainbridge Island, Washington Prepared for: Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County Wenatchee, Washington Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Structure of this Document.......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 The Cultural Resources Working Group..................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3 Definition of the project area and the area of potential effect for project operations .................................. 1-4 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 The Modern Landscape............................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Geomorphology....................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.2 Geology................................................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.2.3 Climate and Ecology............................................................................................................................... 2-7 2.3 Paleoenvironmental History........................................................................................................................ 2-7 2.4 Prehistoric Resources .................................................................................................................................. 2-8 2.4.1 Flora ........................................................................................................................................................ 2-9 2.4.2 Fauna..................................................................................................................................................... 2-13 2.4.3 Fish........................................................................................................................................................ 2-13 2.4.4 Lithic Resources.................................................................................................................................... 2-14 2.5 Environmental and Cultural Impacts on Archaeological Resources ......................................................... 2-15 2.5.1 Erosion .................................................................................................................................................. 2-15 2.5.2 Residential and Recreational Development........................................................................................... 2-16 2.5.3 Flooding ................................................................................................................................................ 2-16 2.6 Summary discussion.................................................................................................................................. 2-17 3.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE LAKE CHELAN BASIN................................................ 3-1 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 Regional Research....................................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.2.1 Regional Chronologies............................................................................................................................ 3-4 3.3 Previous Chelan Area Studies ................................................................................................................... 3-11 3.3.1 Ethnography of the North Cascades (1988) .......................................................................................... 3-11 3.3.2 Ethnographic Overview and Assessment (1996) .................................................................................. 3-12 3.3.3 Chelan County Overview (1978) .......................................................................................................... 3-13 3.3.4 Archaeological Reconnaissance of the North Cascades (1978) ............................................................ 3-13 3.3.5 People of the North Cascades (1986).................................................................................................... 3-13 3.3.6 Local CRM Studies............................................................................................................................... 3-14 3.4 Local Orientation....................................................................................................................................... 3-17 3.4.1 Subsistence Gradient............................................................................................................................. 3-17 3.4.2 Land Use Patterns ................................................................................................................................. 3-18 3.4.3 Seasonal Land Use ................................................................................................................................ 3-20 3.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 3-22 3.6 Culture History Synthesis.......................................................................................................................... 3-24 3.6.1 Period IA (11,500-11,000 BP) .............................................................................................................. 3-25 3.6.2 Period IB (11,000-7000/6400 BP) ........................................................................................................ 3-26 3.6.3 Period II (7000/6400-3900 BP)............................................................................................................. 3-27 3.6.4 Period III (3900-ca. 200 BP)................................................................................................................. 3-29 3.7 Research Design........................................................................................................................................ 3-31 3.7.1 Cultural Chronology.............................................................................................................................. 3-32 3.7.2 Social and Cultural Reconstruction of Subsistence and Settlement Patterns ........................................ 3-32 3.7.3 Paleoenvironments and Human Ecology............................................................................................... 3-33 3.7.4 Future research...................................................................................................................................... 3-34 4.0 ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOHISTORIC OVERVIEW .................................................................... 4-1 Final Lake Chelan Project No. 637 March 15, 2002 (Revised June 5, 2002) Page i SS/6910 Table of Contents 4.1 Cultural And Physical Environment............................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.1 Water and Fish ........................................................................................................................................ 4-6 4.1.2 Flora and Fauna....................................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.2 Cultural Overview of the Chelan People................................................................................................... 4-14 4.2.1 Limitations on Ethnographic Data from the Project Area..................................................................... 4-20 4.2.2 The Protohistoric Period (AD 1600-1750)............................................................................................ 4-20 4.2.3 US American Indian Policy of the Trade and Intercourse Acts Period: 1789 to 1887.......................... 4-23 4.2.4 Initial Euro-American Settling of the Columbia and Lake Chelan Regions: 1853 to 1887 ................. 4-23 4.2.5 US American Indian Policy of the General Allotment Act Period: 1887 to 1934................................. 4-28 4.2.6 The Allotment Era in the Project Area.................................................................................................. 4-28 4.3 Allotment Properties on Lake Chelan ....................................................................................................... 4-32 5.0 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE LAKE CHELAN BASIN ............................................................. 5-1 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Previous Chelan Area History