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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I 76-3459 HYMES, John David, Jr.,1942- THE CONTRIBUTION OF DR. GEORGE WASHBURN TO WORLD OPINION AND RELATIONS TOWARD THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1859-1903. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 j- History, modern Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor. Michigan 4B106 © Copyright John David Hymes, Jr. 1975 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE CONTRIBUTION OF DR. GEORGE WASHBURN TO WORLD OPINION AND RELATIONS TOWARD THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1859-1903 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John David Hymes, Jr., B.A., M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By: Sydney N. Fisher, Advisor Robert Bremner Carole Rogel Advisor Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful for the help and inspiration given me over the past several years by many individuals. There were periods during the course of my graduate study when their assistance and encouragement were largely re­ sponsible for my perseverance. I especially desire to express my sincere apprec­ iation to my advisor. Dr. Sydney N. Fisher. Through his careful guidance I have broadened my understanding not only of Middle Eastern scholarship, but also of life in general. Throughout my graduate career he has been my primary source of inspiration and has always provided me with wise and understanding counsel whenever I needed it. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard V. Burks and Dr. Carole Rogel for their kindness and excellence in teaching during my graduate years. I shall always remember the clarity of their lec­ tures and the inspiration X derived from them. I am grateful to Mrs. Walter H. Page, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Robert College of Istanbul, and to Mrs. Catherine S. Rose of Robert College, Istanbul. Their generous hospitality and assistance enabled me to complete harmoniously a major portion of my research. To Mrs. Jane Ott, my typist, I owe an extra special note of thanks; it was due to her efforts in the final weeks that this study was completed. While all these people have made this dis­ sertation possible, I alone am responsible for errors which may remain in it. Most important of all, it should be noted that this study could never have been prepared, let alone brought to completion, without the encouragement, assistance, and understanding of my family— my wife, Michaele, and my children, Peter and Wendy. VITA June 2, 1942 Born - Manhasset Long Island, New York, New York 1962 .... A.A., The Principia College Elsah, Illinois 1964 . B.A., Fresno State Col lege Fresno, California 1969 .... M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1968-1971. Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1973, Studies in Ottoman and Turkish Language and Ottoman History, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 1973-1975 Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Middle Eastern History Studies in Modern and Medieval Middle East pistory. Professor Sydney N. Fisher Studies in Eastern European History. Professor Carole R. Rogel Studies in the Slavery Controversy, civil Wpir and Reconstruction Professor Merton L. Dillon TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................... ii VITA................................................. iv INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1 Chapter I. A MISSIONARY, AN EDUCATOR AND A DIPLOMAT . 6 II. THE PHILOSOPHIES OF DR. GEORGE WASHBURN: PRAGMATIC STATESMAN— DEVOTED IDEALIST. 28 III. A BEGINNING IN OTTOMAN POLITICS: 1859-1869................................... 43 IV. THE MAKING OF A STATESMAN: OTTOMAN POLITICS, 1869-1878........................ 69 V. THE RISE OF SULTAN ABD-UL-HAMID: OTTOMAN POLITICS, 1878-1880................ 103 VI. THE MOST DIFFICULT STRUGGLE: OTTOMAN POLITICS, 1881-1903 . ........ 140 VII. MODERNIZATION AND REFORM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1859-1903 ......................... 178 VIII. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1859-1903 207 IX. SULTANS AND OTHER PROMINENT TURKISH STATESMEN, 1859-1903 ...................... 226 CONCLUSION................................. 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELEVANT MATERIALS INCLUDING GEORGE WASHBURN’S KNOWN WORKS ...................... 266 v INTRODUCTION In the last decade the great interest shown in early American involvement in the Middle East has generated con­ siderable research and study of the subject. Books and articles written by David Finney, Joseph Grabill, James A. Field, John A. DeNovo, Merle Curti, A. L. Tibawi, Bayard Dodge, Robert L. Daniel'*' and others have dealt specifically with American political, social and economic contributions to the Middle East from 1776 to the present. As each new work is completed, the reader becomes more knowledgeable not only of the historic connection between the United States and Turkey but also of new evidence showing the significance of individual American contributions to Middle Eastern his­ tory. In light of this recent scholarship it seems worth­ while and relevant to investigate the life, ideas and activ­ ities of Dr. George Washburn, missionary, educator and diplo­ matic consultant who resided in Constantinople from 1858- 1908. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Americans knew very little about the Ottoman Empire and the inhabitants 2 of this area knew even less about America. Gradually, as more and more Americans went to the Ottoman Empire as active missionaries, traders or skilled educators., both 1 countries increased in their understanding of each other. While Ottoman Sultans and their ministers increased their contacts with American inventors, manufacturers and educat­ ors on all levels, Americans began to take notice of the conditions of the Ottoman Empire. As they fulfilled the promises of their original contracts and agreements, many stayed on to continue their work and spread more of what they felt to be the better aspects of the American way of life. While they became concerned with the necessity for the protection of the Ottoman Empire against traditional and what they felt were evil European pressures they found themselves also attracted to the plight of the many Ottoman nationalities and their desires for self-determination. What resulted was a curious interaction in which whatever American influence was available was deployed both on be­ half of the threatened Ottoman government and on behalf of the causes of the various nationalities against this same Ottoman government. If one can begin to understand this curious American dichotomy, perhaps one can appreciate the difficulties the historian encounters in comprehending and explaining the career of Dr. Washburn in Turkey. Dr. Washburn appears to have been a man who combined many of the varied American backgrounds into one experience. He began his career as a missionary with the American Board and later became President of Robert College, a unique American experiment in higher education in Constantinople. As his reputation for being knowledgeable on the Ottoman Empire, its government and the problems of its many nation­ alities grew, he established himself as an authority and consultant on its problems. Throughout his life. Dr. Wash­ burn vascilated in his apparently conflicting roles in an effort to improve the lives of the polyglot people of the Ottoman Empire. Differing from many missionaries. Dr. Washburn did not stay mired in a religiously narrow-minded