REPUBLIC OF RWANDA MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FOR THE SUSTAINABLE WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM IN RWANDA (ADDITIONAL FINANCING) Prepared by Théogène HABAKUBAHO ESIA Lead Consultant Email: [email protected] Phone: +250788643982 October 2018 ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS AfDB : African Development Bank AIDS : Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARAP : Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CBOs : Community Based Organizations CITES : Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species CBD : Convention of Biological Diversity EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction strategy ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESIA : Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP : Environmental and Social Management Plan GIS : Geographic Information System GoR : Government GPS : Global Positioning System IUCN : International Union for the Conservation of Nature IWRMP : Integrated Water Resources Master Plan IWRMP : Integrated Water Resources Master Plan KCC : Kigali City Council Ltd : Limited MININFRA : Ministry of Infrastructure MoE : Ministry of Environment NGO : Non-Government Organization NISR : National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda OHS : Occupational, Health and Safety RDB : Rwanda Development Board REMA : Rwanda Environment Management Authority RLMUA : Rwanda Land management and Use Authority RURA : Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency RWAF : Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority ToRs : Terms of Reference WASAC : Water and Sanitation Corporation WHO : World Health Organization ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Program objectives and Components .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Water supply infrastructure and services improvement .............................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Sanitation Infrastructure and Services Improvement ................................................................................... 9 1.2.3. Institutional support and program management component ................................................................... 9 2. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 17 2.1. National legal and regulatory framework .................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1. Relevant policies for the proposed program. ............................................................................. 17 2.1.2. Relevant Laws .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.1.3. Institutional arrangement for the environmental management in Rwanda ............................ 25 2.2. International Guidelines and Procedures .................................................................................................... 32 2.2.1. AfDB Integrated Safeguards System. ............................................................................................ 32 3. BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ................................................ 37 3.1. Geography ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2. Physical Environment ..................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.1. Climate and rainfall ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.2.2. Topography ...................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Hydrology and water resources .................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1. Surface water ................................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.2. Groundwater .................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.3. Wetlands .......................................................................................................................................... 40 3.4. Soils and Geology ........................................................................................................................................... 42 3.4.1. Highland soils .................................................................................................................................. 43 3.4.2. Soils of the central plateau ............................................................................................................ 43 3.4.3. Soils of the lowlands ....................................................................................................................... 43 3.4.4. Soils of valleys .................................................................................................................................. 43 3.4.5. Land use ................................................................................................. Erreur ! Signet non défini. 3.5. Biological Environment-Ecosystems............................................................................................................. 44 3.5.1. Forests .............................................................................................................................................. 44 3.5.2. Protected areas ................................................................................................................................ 45 3.5.3. Biodiversity of wetlands ................................................................................................................. 48 3.5.4. Biodiversity in agricultural systems ............................................................................................... 49 3.5.5. Pastoral zones .................................................................................................................................. 50 3.5.6. Woodlands ....................................................................................................................................... 50 3.6. Socio-Economic Background ........................................................................................................................ 50 3.6.1. Population and Demographic Characteristics ............................................................................. 50 3.6.2. Economic Development Evolution ................................................................................................ 53 3.6.3. Industry and Mining ........................................................................................................................ 53 3.6.4. Human settlements ......................................................................................................................... 54 3.6.5. Physical Cultural Resources............................................................................................................ 54 3.6.6. Agriculture........................................................................................................................................ 55 3.6.7. Animal husbandry ........................................................................................................................... 55 3.6.8. Water and sanitation situation in Rwanda ................................................................................... 56 iii 3.6.9. Electricity Coverage and Renewable Energy ............................................................................... 57 3.7. Gender analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 58 3.7.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 58 3.7.2. Country gender profile ................................................................................................................... 59 3.7.3. Gender situation in water and sanitation sector in Rwanda ..................................................... 62 3.7.4. Gender issues associated with the proposed program