ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SUSTAINABLE AND REGENERATIVE FOOD SYSTEMS This handbook includes contributions from established and emerging scholars from around the world and draws on multiple approaches and subjects to explore the socio-economic, cultural, ecological, institutional, legal, and policy aspects of regenerative food practices. The future of food is uncertain. We are facing an overwhelming number of intercon- nected and complex challenges related to the ways we grow, distribute, access, eat, and dis- pose of food. Yet, there are stories of hope and opportunities for radical change towards food systems that enhance the ability of living things to co-evolve. Given this, activities and imaginaries looking to improve, rather than just sustain, communities and ecosystems are needed, as are fresh perspectives and new terminology. The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Regenerative Food Systems addresses this need. The chapters cover diverse practices, geog- raphies, scales, and entry-points. They focus not only on the core requirements to deliver sustainable agriculture and food supply, but go beyond this to think about how these can also actively participate with social-ecological systems. The book is presented in an accessible way, with reflection questions meant to spark discussion and debate on how to transition to safe, just, and healthy food systems. Taken together, the chapters in this handbook highlight the consequences of current food practices and showcase the multiple ways that people are doing food differently. The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Regenerative Food Systems is essential reading for students and scholars interested in food systems, governance and practices, agroecology, rural sociology, and socio-environmental studies. Jessica Duncan is Associate Professor in the Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen Univer- sity, the Netherlands. Michael Carolan is a Professor in the Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, USA. Johannes S.C. Wiskerke is Professor and Chair of the Rural Sociology Group, Wagenin- gen University, the Netherlands. “The Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Regenerative Food Systems brings together the dif- ferent dimensions of food in a comprehensive manner. It provides new insights for regener- ating our broken food systems while making clear the role that care, pleasure, cultures, people, and the planet play in this. A different way to approach alternative food systems and practices under the regenerative umbrella where sharing, caring, and commoning play a central role. Definitely a must read for those willing to imagine thriving food futures.” —Dr Marta Rivera Ferre, Director, Agroecology and Food Systems Chair, UNESCO Chair Woman, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Catalonia “There is an unprecedented consensus that a deep reform of food systems is needed. How- ever, a shared vision on how to get the reform done does not exist yet. This Handbook – providing a coherent set of principles, theory, and evidence – addresses this gap. It is an essential resource for researchers, policy makers, and civil society to build visions and prac- tices for transition.” —Professor Gianluca Brunori, Professor of Food Policy, University of Pisa, Italy ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SUSTAINABLE AND REGENERATIVE FOOD SYSTEMS Edited by Jessica Duncan, Michael Carolan, and Johannes S.C. Wiskerke First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Jessica Duncan, Michael Carolan, and Johannes S.C. Wiskerke; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jessica Duncan, Michael Carolan, and Johannes S.C. Wiskerke to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Duncan, Jessica, editor. | Wiskirke, Johannes SC, editor. | Carolan, Michael S., editor. Title: Routledge handbook of sustainable and regenerative food systems / edited by Jessica Duncan, Michael Carolan, and Johannes SC Wiskirke. Identifiers: LCCN 2019058532 (print) | LCCN 2019058533 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138608047 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429466823 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Food security. | Food supply. | Sustainable agriculture. Classification: LCC HD9000.5 .R6796 2020 (print) | LCC HD9000.5 (ebook) | DDC 338.1/9–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019058532 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019058533 ISBN: 978-1-138-60804-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-46682-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK CONTENTS List of figures viii List of tables ix List of contributors x 1 Regenerating food systems: a social-ecological approach 1 Jessica Duncan, Michael Carolan, and Johannes S.C. Wiskerke 2 A political economy for regenerative food systems: towards an integrated research agenda 12 Charles Z. Levkoe, Ana Moragues-Faus, and Jessica Duncan 3 Indigenous livelihood 26 Angga Dwiartama 4 Indigenous good living philosophies and regenerative food systems in Aotearoa New Zealand and Peru 38 Mariaelena Huambachano 5 Beyond culturally-significant practices: decolonizing ontologies for regenerative food-systems 50 Aude Chesnais 6 Traditional food, the right to food, and sustainable food systems 65 Alison Blay-Palmer, Andrew Spring, Evelyn R. Nimmo, and André Eduardo Biscaia de Lacerda 7 Co-creative governance of agroecology 84 Lisa Deijl and Jessica Duncan v Contents 8 Justice 98 Paul V. Stock and Lukas Szrot 9 Labor regeneration: work, technology, and resistance 113 Joshua Sbicca 10 Caring agricultural and food practices 126 Jan Hassink, Angela Moriggi, Saverio Senni, Elisabeth Hense, and Dries de Moor 11 Animal functionality and interspecies relations in regenerative agriculture: considering necessity and the possibilities of non-violence 141 Tony Weis and Rebecca A. Ellis 12 Linking small-scale fishing and community capitals: the case of Atlantic cod 154 Holly Amos and Megan Bailey 13 Food and markets: the contribution of economic sociology 171 Sergio Schneider and Abel Cassol 14 The symbiotic food system 188 Marc Wegerif 15 Food sharing 204 Anna Davies 16 Financing food system regeneration? The potential of social finance in the agrifood sector 218 Phoebe Stephens and Jennifer Clapp 17 Citizen entrepreneurship: the making, and remaking, of local food entrepreneurs 232 Michael Carolan 18 Coffee micro-mills in Costa Rica: a non-cooperative path to regenerative agriculture? 248 Maria del Milagro Nuñez-Solis, Christopher Rosin, and Nazmun Ratna 19 Commons and commoning to build ecologically reparatory food systems 262 Tomaso Ferrando 20 Forging by foraging: the role of wild products in shaping new relations with nature 277 Mikelis Grivins vi Contents 21 Social processes of sharing and collecting seeds as regenerative agricultural practices 289 Archana Patnaik and Joost Jongerden 22 Enabling more regenerative agriculture, food, and nutrition in the Andes: the relational bio-power of “seeds” 304 Patricia Natividad, María Cristina Omonte Ferrufino, María Mayer de Scurrah, and Stephen Sherwood 23 Circular food economies 318 Stefano Pascucci 24 A digital “revolution” in agriculture? Critically viewing digital innovations through a regenerative food systems lens 336 Kelly Bronson 25 From weekend farming to telephone farming: digital food pathways in Africa 350 Joseph Macharia 26 Rural–urban linkages 363 Michael Woods 27 Planning regenerative working landscapes 376 Cheryl Morse, Caitlin Morgan, and Amy Trubek 28 Urban food planning: a new frontier for city and regenerative food system builders 388 Rositsa T. Ilieva 29 Cradle to cradle: the role of food waste in a regenerative food system 406 Tammara Soma 30 Controversies around food security: something difficult to swallow 420 Antonio A.R. Ioris Index 436 vii FIGURES 12.1 The fishery has been an important part of the establishment and history of many towns along the coast of Newfoundland, including in the capital city of St. John’s 157 12.2 Community capitals associated with Newfoundland’s cod fishery 159 12.3 The cod fishery provided employment in fishing, fish processing (pictured here) and in other roles to support the fishery as well as a sense of social identity associated with fishing towns 162 12.4 The cod fishery was an important part of daily life in Newfoundland’s fish- ing villages, including Quidi Vidi, for several centuries prior to the collapse of the fishery. The importance of the fishery became ingrained in the cul- ture and history of these communities 165 20.1 The binaries linked by wild products 279 22.1 Contribution of crop and livestock production to the energy, iron, and zinc balance for households with a positive and negative coverage