1 Table of Contents IIInnntttrrroooddduuuccctttiiiooonnn 444 CITRUS PESTS .............................................................................................................. 6 AAArrrttthhhrrrooopppoooddd PPPeeessstttsss 666 AAAnnntttsss...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................666 Solenopsis invicta 6 AAAppphhhiiidddsss.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111333 Toxoptera citricida 13 BBBeeeeeetttllleeesss /// WWWeeeeeevvviiilllsss.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111999 Diaprepes abbreviatus 19 Rhynchophorus palmarum 26 Trogoderma granarium 30 FFFrrruuuiiittt FFFllliiieeesss...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................333444 Anastrepha spp. 34 Bactrocera spp. 39 Ceratitis spp. 44 LLLeeeaaafffhhhoooppppppeeerrrsss.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................444888 Homalodisca coagulata 48 MMMeeeaaalllyyy BBBuuugggsss.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................555111 Cataenococcus hispidus 51 Planococcus lilacinus 53 Planococcus minor 57 MMMiiittteeesss.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................666000 Eutetranychus orientalis 60 MMMooottthhhsss.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................666333 Epiphyas postvittana 63 Eudocima fullonia 68 Helicoverpa armigera 74 Phyllocnistis citrella 79 Spodoptera littoralis 82 Thaumatotibia leucotreta 86 PPPsssyyylllllliiidddsss...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................999111 Diaphorina citri 91 Trioza erytreae 97 SSScccaaallleee IIInnnssseeeccctttsss...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111000000 Ceroplastes destructor 100 Ceroplastes japonicus 104 Paratachardina lobata lobata 107 Pulvinaria polygonata 112 Unaspis yanonensis 114 TTThhhrrriiipppsss.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111111777 Scirtothrips citri 117 Scirtothrips dorsalis 121 WWWhhhiiittteeefffllliiieeesss.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111222444 Aleurocanthus spiniferus 124 Aleurocanthus woglumi 128 DDDiiissseeeaaassseeesss 111333222 BBBaaacccttteeerrriiiaaalll///MMMooolllllliiicccuuuttteee DDDiiissseeeaaassseeesss...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111333222 2 Table of Contents Candidatus Liberibacter africanus, L. asiaticus 132 Spiroplasma citri 137 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri 141 Xylella fastidiosa 144 FFFuuunnngggaaalll DDDiiissseeeaaassseeesss...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111555000 Elsinoe australis 150 Guignardia citricarpa 153 Phoma tracheiphila 158 VVViiirrraaalll DDDiiissseeeaaassseeesss.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111666333 Citrus leprosis virus 163 Citrus psorosis virus 167 Citrus tristeza closterovirus 171 NNNeeemmmaaatttooodddeeesss 111777333 MMMeeellloooiiidddooogggyyynnneee ssspppppp..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111777333 Meloidogyne citri 173 M. donghaiensis 173 M. fujianensis 173 M. indica 173 M. jianyangensis 173 M. kongi 173 M. mingnanica 173 PPPaaarrraaasssiiitttiiiccc PPPlllaaannntttsss///WWWeeeeeedddsss 111888111 CCCiiissssssuuusss vvveeerrrtttiiiccciiilllllaaatttaaa.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111888111 CCCuuussscccuuutttaaa rrreeefffllleeexxxaaa.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111888444 MMMooolllllluuussskkksss 111888888 AAAccchhhaaatttiiinnnaaa fffuuullliiicccaaa.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111888888 TTThhheeebbbaaa pppiiisssaaannnaaa.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................111999111 GGGlllooossssssaaarrryyy 111999444 AAAPPPPPPEEENNNDDDIIIXXX ---RRReeefffeeerrreeennnccceeesss 222111333 3 Introduction Introduction Citrus fruits are the most valuable fruit crop in international trade. There are two clearly differentiated markets in the citrus sector: fresh citrus fruits market and processed citrus products market, mainly orange juice. A major development in the last two decades of the twentieth century was the growth in trade of small citrus fruits, (tangerines, clementines, mandarines and satsumas) and a growth in the consumption of citrus fruit juices. Total annual world citrus production was estimated to be over 105 million tons from 2000 to 2004. Oranges constitute the bulk of citrus fruit production, accounting for more than half of global citrus production in 2004. The rise in citrus production is mainly due to the increase in cultivation areas and the change in consumer preferences towards health, convenience food consumption, and rising incomes. Citrus fruits are produced worldwide. According to FAO data, in 2004, 140