Självkörande bussar i stadstrafik - förstudie Jan Jacobson, Kari Westgaard Berg, Daniel Bügel, Kristian Flink, Anders Thorsén, Charlotta Tornvall, Mari Lie Venjum RISE Rapport 2018:63 Självkörande bussar i stadstrafik - förstudie Jan Jacobson, Kari Westgaard Berg, Daniel Bügel, Kristian Flink, Anders Thorsén, Charlotta Tornvall, Mari Lie Venjum 1 Abstract Automated buses in urban traffic - prestudy Automated road transport is regarded as a key enabler for sustainable transport. One example is the use of small automated buses as a supplement to already existing public transport services. There are several manufacturers of these kind of buses, and field trials are in progress. The goal of the pre-project is to evaluate the feasibility and criteria for transport with automated buses in two middle-sized Nordic municipalities, Lørenskog in Norway and Borås in Sweden, by analyzing at least two different test-cases in each location. Feasibility, adaptation to existing traffic and conditions for public acceptance are described. The pre-project concludes that automated buses are possible in these two municipalities. Further test and demonstrations should be made. Key words: automated driving, shuttle bus, automated transport RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB RISE Rapport 2018:63 ISBN: 978-91-88907-06-6 Borås 2018 2 Innehåll Abstract ....................................................................................................... 1 Innehåll ...................................................................................................... 2 Förord ........................................................................................................ 5 Sammanfattning ........................................................................................ 6 Sammendrag .............................................................................................. 7 1 Projekt, bakgrund och omvärld ............................................................ 9 1.1 Självkörande bussar ............................................................................................9 1.2 Vad är ett självkörande fordon?........................................................................ 10 1.3 Klima og miljø ................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Sikkerhet ........................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Förutsättningar för självkörande bussar .......................................................... 16 ”Systemet” självkörande buss ....................................................................... 16 Intressenter ................................................................................................... 16 Avgränsningar ............................................................................................... 16 1.6 Oönskade händelser.......................................................................................... 17 2 Tillverkare av självkörande bussar ..................................................... 18 2.1 Inledning ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Typ av aktörer ................................................................................................... 18 Tillverkare av fordon ..................................................................................... 18 Underleverantörer som levererar direkt till fordonstillverkare ................... 20 2.3 Självkörande bussar ......................................................................................... 20 Små själkörande elektriska minibussar ....................................................... 20 Stora bussar ...................................................................................................32 3 Operatörer av självkörande bussar .................................................... 34 3.1 Acando ..............................................................................................................34 3.2 Applied Autonomy ............................................................................................34 3.3 Arriva ................................................................................................................34 3.4 Autonomous Mobility ....................................................................................... 35 3.5 First Group ........................................................................................................ 35 3.6 Forus PRT ......................................................................................................... 35 3.7 Keolis ................................................................................................................ 35 3.8 Nobina ...............................................................................................................36 3.9 Transdev ...........................................................................................................36 4 Försök med självkörande bussar .........................................................37 4.1 Försök i Sverige ................................................................................................. 37 Pilotprojekt i operativ drift ...........................................................................39 Forskningsinitiativ under genomförande .....................................................39 3 Avslutat forskningsinitiativ ........................................................................... 41 Förstudier ..................................................................................................... 42 Pilotprojekt On hold ..................................................................................... 46 4.2 Forsøk i Norge.................................................................................................. 48 Pågående prosjekter ..................................................................................... 48 5 Risker ................................................................................................ 55 5.1 Risker i tekniska system ................................................................................... 55 5.2 Säkerhetsmålsättning ....................................................................................... 57 5.3 Preliminary Hazard Analysis, trafikolycka ....................................................... 57 5.4 Felträdsanalys, trafikolycka ............................................................................. 60 5.5 Riskreducerande åtgärder ............................................................................... 64 5.6 Riskanalys för speciella fall .............................................................................. 64 6 Lagar och regler ................................................................................. 65 6.1 Norge ................................................................................................................. 65 Gjeldende norsk rett ...................................................................................... 65 Lov om utprøving av selvkjørende kjøretøy .................................................. 67 Internasjonal rett ..........................................................................................70 6.2 Sverige ............................................................................................................... 71 Förordning om försöksverksamhet ............................................................... 71 Tillstånd för försöksverksamhet ................................................................... 71 Statens offentliga utredning .......................................................................... 73 Fordon ........................................................................................................... 76 6.3 Sammenligning Norge og Sverige ..................................................................... 77 7 Case Lørenskog kommune ................................................................. 78 7.1 Lørenskog kommune ........................................................................................ 79 7.2 Case 1: SNÖ ...................................................................................................... 82 7.3 Case 2: Ahus ..................................................................................................... 89 7.4 Case 3: Hanaborglia - Grønlia ........................................................................ 96 7.5 Konklusjoner og anbefalinger av case. ........................................................... 105 8 Case Borås Stad ................................................................................. 107 8.1 Borås Stad ....................................................................................................... 107 8.2 Case 1: Österlånggatan i Borås ....................................................................... 109 8.3 Case 2: Regementet .........................................................................................115 8.4 Slutsatser av båda case ................................................................................... 121 9 Analys ............................................................................................... 122 9.1 Självkörande bussar kan ge nytta ................................................................... 122 9.2 Självkörande bussar kan ge hållbara transporter ..........................................