mpam.- ^^ UC-NRLF on FIT OF Villiam A. SeLchell M (xRAMMAR OF THE HAWAIIAN LANdUAUE BY L. ANDREAVS ho:n^olitlu: PRINTED AT THE MISSION PRESS. 1854. I /tc,t c^t c/t/ '• - 3 CONTENTS. Grammar, Definition, - - - Sec. 1 — PART 1, ORTHOGRAPHY. Part Orthography, - - - "4 1, Hawaiian Alphabet, - - - "6 Division of Letters, - - - - "8 — 10 VOWELS. Of the Vowel Sounds, ti CONTENTS. NOUNS. Of Nouns, - - . - Sec. 76 Nouns Proper and Common, . <« 77—73 Abstnict. niid dmcrete, - - - " 79 Syllables forming a Class, - - - " 80 PERSON. Of Person, - - - - "82^ Definition, three Persons, - - - « 82 NUMBER. Of Number, . - . " 83 - '• Nouns have three numbers, - -^ 83—85 Signs of Dual and Plural, - - - « 86—94 GENDER. Of Gender, ... " 95 No Neuter Gender, - - » »< 96 Specific Words for Genders, - - "97 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. Of the Declension of Nouns, - - '-98 Case—Definition of Case, - - - "98 Number of Cases, - - - - "99 Paradigm of Common Nouns, - - " 100' Paradigm of a Name of a Pface, - - '• 101 Nouns made Plural by Mau and Poe, - " 102— 103 Paradigm of a Name of a Person, - " 104 Remarks on the Paradigms, - - '•' 105 ADJECTIVES. Of Adjectives, - - - - "106 Adjective Definition, _ . - '« 106 Qualify Nouns variously - - - " 107 Place of Adjectives in the sentence, - "108 Division of Adjectives, - - - "109 Observations on Adjectives, - - "110 Of He and L^a before Adjectives, - - "111 Nouns turned into Adjectives, . - " 112 - Adjectives used as Nouns, - "113 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Tferee Degrees of Comparison, - - "114 Comparative Sub-divided, - - - "114 Numeral Adjectives, - - - *' 115 Observation on Numeral Adjectives, - "116 — CONTENTS. iU PRONOUNS. Pronoun—Definition and Use, - - Sec. 117 Classes Person and j\umber, . a 119—120 Personal Pronouns, - - _ << 121—122 Orthogrophy of the First Person, - - « 123 Paradigm of Fust Person. - - - << 124 Remarks on the Paradigm, - - - '< 125—126 Remarks on the Dual, of First Person, - '* 127—128 Remarks on the First Person Plural, - " 129—130 Second Person Singular, - - •" 131 Declension of Second Person, - - ^' 132 Examples, ____'< 133—135 Third Person Singular, - - _ " 136 Two different Words, - . •' 137 Orthography of Third Person, - - " 138 Paradigm Third Person Singular, - - " 139 Remarks on Third Person Singular, - " 140 Third Person Dual, - - - '' 141 Third Person Plural, . ^' 142 The Pronoun Hai, _ _ _ '< 143 Pronouns Modifying Verbs, - - " 146 " Pronouns with the Idea of Verbs, - - 147 Prefix Pronouns, - - - - *' 149 " Two classes—First Class, - - - 150—-151 Second Class, ____<« 152 Examples—Remarks, _ - _ << 153 Relative Pronouns, _ _ _ << 154 Interrogative Pronouns, _ - - '< 156 " Ezamples and Paradigm, . - - 157—158 Interrogatives Aha and Hea, - - " 159—160 COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. Declinable—Examples, - - - '• 161—164 ADVERBS. " Adverbs of Three Classes . - - 165 " Second Class Declined— Examples, - - 165 CONJUNCTIONS. Definitions and Use, 166 INTERJECTIONS. Definition —Examples. _ - - 167 VERBS. " Definition. Not Necessary to an Idea, - 168 No Verb of Existence. - - - ' 170 .IT CONTENTS. How Existence, Possessing, Etc.. are Expressed, Sec. 171 No Auxiliary Verbs, - - - "171 No Variation of Verb itself, - - " 172 Person—Number, . , . " 174—176 Double First Persons, Dual and Plural, t <' 178 MOOD. " Definition and Number of Moods, - - 179—180 TENSE. Definition, - - - - «181 Root of a Verb, - - ^ - ''182 INDICATIVE MODE, PRETERITE TENSES. ^' Five Forms, Examples, , ., , 183—188 <' Present Tense, Examples, - - ' 189 Future Tense, Two Forms, Remarks, - ^' 190 IMPERATIVE MOOD, '* Definition, Use, Remarks, - - 191—192 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Definition, Use, Preterite Four Forms, - «' 193^197 Present Subjunctive, Examples, -^ - "198 Future Subjunctive, Examples, ^ , « 199—201 INFINITIVE MOOD, « Infinitive Forms, Examples, _ » 203 PARTICIPLES. " Present, Preterite, Gerund, - - 204 —266 " Synopsis of the F rsi Conjunction, - ' 207—208 OF CONJUGATION, Definition, Remarks, etc., . - , <' 209—210 Examples, ....«« 211-^228 COMPOUND VERBS, « Definition, Examples, . , , 230—231 " Anomalous Verb Loaa, - - - 232 VERBAL DIRECTIVES. Explanation, . - « 233 « What the Directives are, - - - 234 " Paradigm with Directives, - - - 235—238 " The Syllable La, - - - - 239—240 Further Remarks, --..<' 241 " The Syllable Ai, Examples, - - 242 INTRODUCTION. § 1. Language, in all parts of the earth, is the princi- pal medium of communication between men. It is employ- ed only by rational beings, or such as have the faculty of speech; that is, of uttering articulate sounds. § 2, Language is the medium of communicating ideas in two ways : 1st, by the use of the voice in the utterance of articulate sounds termed words ; 2nd, by characters representing articulate sounds. The former is addressed to the ear, the latter to the eye. § 3. Languages, like the people of the earth, are divi- ded into great families. These again, owing to some lo- cal or other circumstances, are divided into Dialects. § 4. A dialect is a branch of some more general lang- uge. A dialect is formed by leaving off from the forms of the general language, or by adding something new to them. The pronunciation may to some extent be altered etc. These changes may be produced by time, accident, cul- ture or neglect. § 5. Most if not all the dialects of Polynesia appear to have had the same origin, which, in all probability, was the Malayan. As the Islands of the great Pacific Ocean, constituting Polynesia, are many and far separated, it is reasonable to suppose that their languages must vary from each other ; and this is found to be a fact. § 6. Every language has certain great fundamental principles upon which it is constructed. These principles differing from each other, constitute their peculiarity. Hence, every language in its etymology and syntax must be regulated by its own laws : though sorne general prin- ciples may run through the whole. — II JNTRODUCTION. § 7. The laws and usages of a language reduced to a system, or the principles of its construction drawn out to the eye, constitute its grammar. § 8. Grammars may be general or particular as they treat of the principles of some one of the family of lang- uages, or of the language of a particular country in a gen- eral manner ; or they may take up some particular dialect of a language and may elucidate its principles more mi- nutely than could be done in a general grammar. § 9. The object of the following work is merely to draw out with some particularity the leading principles of the Hawaiian dialect. By Hawaiian dialect is meant the gen- eral language of the collective group of islands so named by the natives themselves from the name of their largest •island. § 10. A general grammar of all the Polynesian lang- uages is a disideratum. But probably such a grammar is yet to be written ; for it is not known that such a work has yet been seriously attempted. § 11. If however such a work is meditated, it should not be delayed, for some of the more important materials are passing away, viz : the present race, who only can be familiar with the pure language of the natives of Polynesia. The language of the present generation is already mixing with foreign idioms and introducing foreign words. § 12. The Hawaiian Dialect w^as reduced to writing t)y the Missionaries of the A. B. C. F. M., and the first :book was printed in January, 1822. Since that time the works printed for the use of Hawaiians in their own lang- iiage amounted to about 6,415 continuous pages, of duo- decimo size, besides the Bible, Hymn books, etc., etc.; •which amount was printed previous to 1843, since when there has been no accurate estimate made. See Dibhle*s History of Hmuaiian Islands. § 13. It was the object of those wdio first reduced the language to writing: first, to ascertain what sounds there were in the language ; and secondly, to express these j5ounds by the fewest characters. The characters used are are the Roman ; and the sound given to the vowels rthose of the languages of Southern continental Europe irather than those of the Enirlish. fNTRoniicTia\. rrr § 14. The materials for the following grammar have heen taken almost entirely from native manuscripts or from documents printed from native manuscripts. That is, every example cited to illustrate any principle has been copied from a manuscript written by a native or from a printed page originally written by a native. It is possible that some of the works written by the missiona- ries might be of equal authority ; but as so much has been written by the natives themselves, it was thought best to appeal to them for authority in every case. If anything shall be inserted contrary to the above statement, it will be mentioned. It was, therefore, impossible to quote the authorities ; that is, the names of the writers, except in this general way. § 15. After all, there will probably appear principles in the language which have been entirely overlooked, or mistaken in the developement. If so, future editions or future laborers must be looked to for corrections or for the supply of deficiencies. GRAMMAR HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE.^ § 1. Grammar is a written account of the principles used in writing or speaking a language. § 2. A Hawaiian Grammar is an explanation of the rules and principles used by Hawaiians in speaking and writing their language. § 3. Grammatical Treatises are usually divided into several parts, viz. Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody. Orthography treats of letters and their forma- tion into words. Etymology treats of words and their changes in relation to each other.