Rees, Owen (2018) Trauma in transition: moving from domestic to military service, and back again, in classical Athens. Doctoral thesis (PhD), Manch- ester Metropolitan University. Downloaded from: https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/622571/ Usage rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 4.0 Please cite the published version https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk TRAUMA IN TRANSITION: MOVING FROM DOMESTIC TO MILITARY SERVICE, AND BACK AGAIN, IN CLASSICAL ATHENS Owen Rees A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Politics and Philosophy December 2018 Abstract The historiography surrounding the returning hoplite has thus far focussed on the experience of the man after his return yet, to date, no scholar has examined the homecoming itself. As a result, modern comparisons have been relied upon to fill in the gaps about the hoplite’s transition from his military service back into his domestic environment. This has formed the basis of a particular strand of research exploring modern PTSD as a method with which to understand the ancient hoplite’s experiences of war and its aftermath. This debate lacks the necessary historical due diligence because it has not yet been established exactly how a hoplite returned home and how this return was experienced. To rectify this gap in our knowledge, this thesis identifies and examines three fundamental transitions undergone by the classical Athenian hoplite as a result of his military service: his departure to war, his homecoming from war having survived, and his homecoming from war having died. Each of these transitions is split in two, examining both the transition within the domestic environment as a member of an oikos, and within the military environment as a member of the army. Drawing upon a wide range of evidence, this thesis presents a template of each transition, exploring the logistics and rituals involved, the participants, and the locations. The primary aim of this research is to show that the Athenian hoplite underwent a series of transitions into and out of the Athenian army, which suggests a complex relationship between the hoplite, his oikos and his military service. Having established these transitions, this thesis argues that there is evidence of ideological friction between the oikos and the military ideology that is commonly described in the contemporary literature. As a result, it is argued that the PTSD debate should focus more on the evidence of friction within these transitions and pursue a more diachronically sensitive examination of the topic. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 List of Abbreviations 5 List of Figures, Tables, and Maps 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 8 1.1: The ‘PTSD in history’ debate 8 1.1.1: Universalist Approach 8 1.1.2: Relativist Approach 12 1.1.3: Military Homecomings 14 1.2: The Distinction Between Public and Domestic 17 1.3: Methodology and Structure 22 Chapter 2: The Warrior’s Departure 24 2.1: Methodological Considerations 24 2.2: Departure from the oikos 27 2.2.1: The Polis in the Oikos Departure 31 2.2.2: The Voice of the Oikos during a Departure 37 2.3: Joining the Muster 43 2.3.1: The Mobilisation 44 2.3.2: The Mechanism of the Muster 46 2.3.3: Locations of the Muster 50 2.3.4: The Rolling Muster 60 2.4: The Military Departure 63 2.4.1: Departure for the Sicilian Expedition 64 2.4.2: Interacting with the Gods 67 2.4.3: Reading the Signs 70 Chapter 3: Military Homecoming 75 3.1: Arriving in Athens 76 3.1.1: A Military Pompe 80 3.1.2: Argive Welcome 85 3.1.3: An Athlete’s welcome? 89 3.2: Dedications 93 2 3.3: Homecoming Arrivals on Red-figure Pottery? 98 3.3.1: Parallel Scenes 102 3.3.2: Libation Rituals and Variation 107 3.3.3: Ambiguity 108 3.4: Homecoming Arrivals in the Literary Evidence 110 3.4.1: Thematic considerations 110 3.4.2: Homecoming 113 3.4.3: Arrivals vs Departures 123 Chapter 4: Military Homecoming of the Dead 127 4.1: Battlefield Cremation 128 4.1.1: Pyres and (C)remains 129 4.1.2: Leaving Cremains Behind 135 4.2: Patrios Nomos 139 4.2.1: The Funerary Rites 139 4.2.2: The Funeral Oration 143 4.3: The Domestic Reception of the War Dead 149 4.3.1: Subversion of Funeral Norms 150 4.3.2: Public Memorialisation 153 4.3.3: Private Memorialisation 156 4.4: Experience of the Oikos 164 4.4.1: Notification of death 165 4.4.2: Funeral Oration 169 4.5: Return of the War dead 174 Chapter 5: Conclusion 177 Bibliography 181 3 Acknowledgements A project of this magnitude inevitably relies on the support of a large group of people. Firstly, I am eternally grateful for the help and support of my research degree administrators Deborah Bown and Rhiannon Patkai who have saved me from a plethora of administrative catastrophes over these years. I am also grateful for the patience and support of our subject librarian Nicola Ward, who was always willing to track down and source even the most obscure of books for me. Writing a PhD can be quite a lonely experience so I am grateful for all of those who have made that experience more sociable, particular thanks goes to my comrades in research Ian Bass, Jérémy Filet, Jessica Purdy and Michaela Hulme. Similarly the History section has been very welcoming and so many of the staff have been willing to entertain some very morbid conversations in their office during the course of my research. In particular I would like to thank (and equally apologise to) Dr. Sam Edwards, Dr. Kathryn Hurlock, Dr. Marcus Morris, Dr. Rosamund Oates, Dr. Mercedes Peñalba-Sotorrío, and Gervase Phillips. I would also like to offer my gratitude to Dr. April Pudsey for all of her feedback and advice as part of my supervisory team. I am indebted to the many scholars who have offered advice and their thoughts during the development of my ideas. In particular, my thanks go to Prof. Tim McNiven, Prof. Robin Osborne, Prof. Susan Deacy, Dr. Peter Liddel, Dr. Alexandra Wilding, Dr. Roel Konijnendijk, Dr. Cezary Kucewicz, and Dr. Sam Fernes. I am also extremely grateful for the help and patience offered by Dr. John Taylor and Prof. Costas Panayotakis who both had the thankless task of teaching me ancient Greek. My family have supported this venture from the very beginning and have shown nothing but love and affection throughout. My wife Carly in particular has been a driving force behind this project and is the sole reason I have been able to balance being at home and getting this thesis complete. My children must get a special mention for letting me work while at home, I know it wasn’t always easy for them! Finally my thanks and gratitude go to my Director of Studies Dr. Jason Crowley for all of his support in the formulation of my ideas and the writing of this thesis. Our opposing views have forced a refinement to my work that I have both appreciated and enjoyed. This thesis would not have been possible without him, and I am grateful for everything he has done. 4 List of Abbreviations AIO Attic Inscriptions Online [Online] https://www.atticinscriptions.com/ ARV Beazley, J.D. (1963) Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. BA Beazley Archive Pottery Database [Online] https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/pottery/default.htm CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum (1925-) GHI2 Tod. M.N. (ed.) (1948) A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, vol II: From 403 to 323 BC. IG Inscriptiones Graecae (1873-) LSCG Suppl. Sokolowski, F. (1962) Lois Sacrees des Cites Grecques. Supplement (Paris: E. de Boccard). LSJ Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R., (1925-1940) Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press. PH The Packard Humanities Institute Searchable Greek Inscriptions: A Scholarly Tool in Progress. [Online] https://inscriptions.packhum.org/ SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum (1923-) TrGF B. Snell, R. Kannicht, S. Radt (eds) (1986) Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 6 vols. (1971–2004), vol. 12. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. Abbreviations of ancient sources follow Oxford Classical Dictionary. Papyri are cited according to abbreviations listed in Oates, J. F. et al., Checklist of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri. [On line] http://papyri.info/docs/checklist 5 List of Figures, Tables, and Maps Figures Figure 1: Red figure stamnos, London, British Museum: E448; Achilles Painter. 29 Figure 2a: White-ground lekythos, Berlin, Antikensammlung: F2444; Achilles Painter. Figure 2b: Red-figure hydria, Boston (MA), Museum of Fine Arts: 03.798; ‘Dwarf’ Painter. 30 Figure 3: Black-figure amphora, Sotheby, sale catalogue: 10-11.7.1989, 60-62, NO.171; unattributed. 32 Figure 4: Red-figure amphora, Berlin, Antikensammlung: F2264; Painter of the Berlin Hydria. 33 Figure 5: Red-figure amphora, Munich, Antikensammlungen: J326; Niobid Painter. 100 Figure 6: Red-figure hydria, Athens, Benaki Museum: 38151; Niobid Painter. 101 Figure 7: Red-figure pelike, Rome, Mus. Naz. Etrusco di Villa Giulia: 46942; unattributed. 103 Figure 8a: Red-figure pelike, New York (NY), Metropolitan Museum: 56.171.44; Altamura Painter. 105 Figure 9: Red-figure amphora, Atlanta (GA), Emory University, Michael C. Carlos Museum: 1984.12; Niobid Painter. 118 Figure 10: White ground lekythos New York (NY), Metropolitan Museum, 35.11.5; Vouni Painter. 156 Figure 11: Cenotaph of Dexileos, Athens, Kermaeikos Museum: P1130. 159 Figure 12: Grave relief for Demokleides. Athens, National Archaeological Museum: 752. 162 Tables Table 1: Athenian mustering figures 51-52 Table 2: Athenian Battle Figures 53 6 Table 3: Athenian musters and method of transportation 78 Table 4: Comparison between the departure and arrival motifs 124 Maps Map 1: Map of possible mustering points in and around Athens 59 7 1.