THE DEMOCRACY SOURCEBOOK THE DEMOCRACY SOURCEBOOK edited by Robert Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and Jose´ Antonio Cheibub The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 6 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Excerpt from The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolu- tion, copyright 6 1955 and renewed 1983 by Louis Hartz, reprinted by permission of Harcourt, Inc. Every e¤ort has been made to contact those who hold rights for each of the selections. Any rights holders not credited should contact the editors so a correction can be made in the next printing. This book was set in Times New Roman on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong, and was printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The democracy sourcebook / Robert Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-04217-7 (hc : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-262-54147-5 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Democracy. I. Dahl, Robert Alan, 1915– . II. Shapiro, Ian. III. Cheibub, Jose´ Antonio. JC423.D4312 2003 321.8—dc21 2002045209 10987654321 Contents Introduction ix Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in 1 DEFINING DEMOCRACY 1 Eastern Europe and Latin America 76 Adam Przeworski The Social Contract 2 Democracy’s Third Wave 93 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Samuel P. Huntington Capitalism, Socialism, and South Africa’s Negotiated Democracy 5 Transition: Democracy, Opposition, Joseph Schumpeter and the New Constitutional Order 99 Minimalist Conception of Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro Democracy: A Defense 12 Economic Development and Adam Przeworski Political Regimes 108 Democracy and Disagreement 18 Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Alvarez, Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, Thompson and Fernando Limongi The Voice of the People 25 3 DEMOCRACY, CULTURE, James S. Fishkin AND SOCIETY 117 Defining and Developing Democracy 29 Larry Diamond The Federalist No. 10 118 James Madison Participation and Democratic Theory 40 The Federalist No. 14 123 Carole Pateman James Madison Polyarchal Democracy 48 The Concept of a Liberal Society 126 Robert Dahl Louis Hartz Pluralism and Social Choice 133 2 SOURCES OF DEMOCRACY 55 Nicholas R. Miller Political Man: The Social Bases of Consociational Democracy 142 Politics 56 Arend Lijphart Seymour Martin Lipset The Contest of Ideas 147 Social Revolutions in the Modern Donald Horowitz World 65 The State of Democratic Theory 153 Theda Skocpol Ian Shapiro The Impact of Economic Democracy 157 Development on Democracy 71 Robert D. Putnam Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Modernization, Cultural Change, Stephens and the Persistence of Traditional Values 168 Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker Contents vi Culture and Democracy 181 5 PRESIDENTIALISM VERSUS Adam Przeworski, Jose´ Antonio PARLIAMENTARISM 257 Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi The Perils of Presidentialism 258 4 DEMOCRACY AND Juan Linz CONSTITUTIONALISM 191 Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Di‰cult The Federalist No. 23 192 Combination 266 Alexander Hamilton Scott Mainwaring The Federalist No. 47 193 Presidents and Assemblies 272 James Madison Matthew Soberg Shugart and John The Federalist No. 48 195 Carey James Madison Minority Governments, Deadlock The Federalist No. 62 197 Situations, and the Survival of James Madison Presidential Democracies 277 Jose´ Antonio Cheibub The Federalist No. 70 199 Alexander Hamilton Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies: The The Federalist No. 78 201 Rationality of Nonwinning Cabinet Alexander Hamilton Solutions 284 Madisonian Democracy 207 Kaare Strom Robert Dahl Institutional Design, Party Systems, A Bill of Rights for Britain 217 and Governability: Di¤erentiating Ronald Dworkin the Presidential Regimes of Latin America 296 A Rights-Based Critique of Joe Foweraker Constitutional Rights 221 Jeremy Waldron Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in The Political Origins of Judicial Brazil 304 Empowerment through Argelina Cheibub Figueiredo and Constitutionalization: Lessons from Fernando Limongi Four Constitutional Revolutions 232 Ran Hirschl 6 REPRESENTATION 311 Decision Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Representative Government 312 Policymaker 246 John Stuart Mill Robert Dahl On Elections 315 Democratic Justice 252 Marquis de Condorcet Ian Shapiro Liberalism against Populism 317 William H. Riker Contents vii Saving Democracy from Political Inside Campaign Finance: Myths Science 321 and Realities 408 Gerry Mackie Frank J. Sorauf Unlikelihood of Condorcet’s 8 DEMOCRACY’S EFFECTS 419 Paradox in a Large Society 326 A. S. Tangian The Economics and Politics of Congruence between Citizens and Growth 420 Policymakers in Two Visions of Karl de Schweinitz, Jr. Liberal Democracy 330 Rent Seeking and Redistribution John D. Huber and G. Bingham under Democracy versus Powell, Jr. Dictatorship 427 The Political Consequences of Ronald Wintrobe Electoral Laws 343 Dictatorship, Democracy, and Douglas W. Rae Development 436 South Africa’s Negotiated Mancur Olson Transition: Democracy, Opposition, Freedom Favors Development 444 and the New Constitutional Order 350 Amartya Sen Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro Political Regimes and Economic The Representation of Women 354 Growth 447 Anne Phillips Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose´ Antonio Cheibub, 7 INTEREST GROUPS 363 and Fernando Limongi The Governmental Process: Political Democracy in America 455 Interests and Public Opinion 364 Alexis de Tocqueville David B. Truman Does Democracy Engender Justice? 459 The Logic of Collective Action: John E. Roemer Public Goods and the Theory of Facing up to the American Dream: Groups 372 Race, Class, and the Soul of the Mancur Olson Nation 463 Neo-Pluralism: A Class Analysis of Jennifer L. Hochschild Pluralism I and Pluralism II 381 Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and John F. Manley Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in The Theory of Economic Regulation 393 America 480 George J. Stigler Rogers M. Smith Interest Intermediation and Regime 9 DEMOCRACY AND THE Governability in Contemporary GLOBAL ORDER 489 Western Europe and North America 398 Philippe C. Schmitter Perpetual Peace 490 Immanuel Kant Contents viii How Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations Create a System for Peace 492 Bruce Russett Dirty Pool 497 Donald P. Green, Soo Yeon Kim, and David H. Yoon Democracy and Collective Bads 504 Russell Hardin Representation and the Democratic Deficit 510 Pippa Norris The Transformation of Political Community: Rethinking Democracy in the Context of Globalization 516 David Held Appendix 527 Index 535 Introduction This sourcebook is designed for undergraduate ture in social choice theory. Excerpts from Amy courses on democracy, though it will be useful Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, and James for introductory graduate courses as well. It is Fishkin, exemplify the deliberative alternative not a textbook, but it could be a companion to to proceduralism. We also include Larry Dia- many textbooks, and it could be used in courses mond’s reformulation of the substantive view on democracy that are taught without textbooks. and Carole Pateman’s theory of participatory The materials range over conceptual, norma- democracy. We end with Robert Dahl’s influen- tive, and empirical issues, giving students access, tial account of polyarchy, which synthesizes ele- in one moderately priced volume, to classic ments of these di¤erent views. arguments as well as the state of the art in con- Chapter 2, ‘‘Sources of Democracy,’’ guides temporary scholarship. The materials draw on students through debates about democracy and literature in American politics, comparative and modernization, various macrohistorical argu- international politics, and political philosophy. ments about the causes of democracy, and the In this, they reflect an increasingly intercon- literature on democratic transitions. The objec- nected world and the increasingly interdisci- tive here is to illustrate the di¤erent arguments plinary character of political science. The about why we observe democracies in some sourcebook is methodologically diverse and countries and not in others. We begin with the avoids unnecessarily technical or jargon-laden seminal defense of modernization theory by material. It also contains information providing Seymour Martin Lipset. Observing a correlation vital statistics about the world’s democracies. between levels of economic development and The sourcebook is divided into nine self- democracy, he argues that development leads contained chapters. In each, we combine edited people to embrace values and attitudes that are selections from classic philosophical statements friendly to democracy’s emergence and viability. with more recent theoretical arguments and em- We then include various emendations of mod- pirical applications. ernization theory, including Barrington Moore’s Chapter 1, ‘‘Defining Democracy,’’ is orga- argument about the importance of a bourgeoisie nized around the debates among proponents of as summarized by Theda Skocpol, and an argu- procedural, deliberative, and substantive democ- ment from Evelyne Huber, Dietrich Ruesch- racy. Procedural democrats emphasize practices meyer, and John Stephens that emphasizes