Published by The American Physiological Society Integrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism The PhysiologistPhysiologist Education in the Responsible Conduct of Research Presented at the Annual Meeting of the INSIDE Association of Chairs of Departments of Physiology Michael D. Mann, Nebraska Medical Center Open Does Not Michael Kalichman, University of California, San Diego COMING Mean Free! Francis L. Macrina, Virginia Commonwealth University AUGUST p. 151 2004! Summary affirm that honest error or differences Here we present a synopsis of teach- of opinion do not constitute scientific 157th Business News in ing responsible conduct of research misconduct. Physiological Meeting (RCR) to trainees in biomedical sci- In 1985, Congress enacted legislation Sciences p.156 ences, summarize the origins of the still requiring that any institution applying evolving definition of RCR and provide for or holding a grant from an agency of (NIPS) will be an introduction to the goals, content, the Public Health Service (PHS) have a renamed IUPS Congress and strategies for teaching RCR. These defined process for reviewing miscon- should be particularly useful for those duct allegations and for reporting to the p. 166 Physiology contemplating changes in existing RCR Secretary of Health and Human with a new courses or the creation of new ones. Services any investigations of “scientif- cover and Third Gulf Coast ic fraud” that appeared to be “substan- Scientific Misconduct and RCR tial.” The late 1980s saw the creation of exciting new Physiological Scientific misconduct has contributed an oversight and regulatory infrastruc- content. Society Meeting significantly to the increased attention ture that ultimately led to the inception to the Responsible Conduct of Research of the Office of Research Integrity p. 175 (RCR). In the 1980s and 1990s, defining (ORI), a component of the Department scientific misconduct accompanied gov- of Health and Human Services (DHHS). APS/IUPS ernmental and institutional activities Definitions of scientific misconduct on RCR policies and education. Both were promulgated by agencies such as Relaunch NIPS as lengthy and concise definitions of scien- the DHHS and the National Science Physiology tific misconduct have appeared, have Foundation, as well as scientific soci- p. 184 been modified, and continue to evolve. eties and individual research institu- But common denominators remain tions. A history of these events may be throughout and are summarized as fol- found on the ORI web site 2003 Impact lows. Scientific misconduct is fabrica- (http://ori.dhhs.gov/html/about/histori- tion, falsification, or plagiarism in pro- cal.asp). Factors are posing, performing, reviewing or report- It was in response to well-publicized Published by ing research. Fabrication is making up cases of scientific misconduct that leg- Thomson/ISI data and recording or reporting them. islative bodies and funding agencies Falsification is manipulating research began to mandate some kind of training p. 186 materials, equipment, or processes, or in (RCR). However, as is often the case, changing or omitting data so as to mis- no definition of RCR was offered. Thus, represent the research. Plagiarism is it has been largely defined by the edu- the appropriation of another person’s cational requirements of federal fund- ideas, processes, results, or words with- ing agencies like the National out proper attribution. Most definitions (continued on page 152) Volume 47, No. 4 - August 2004 www.the-aps.org 149 Published bimonthly and distributed by The American Physiological TheThe Society 9650 Rockville Pike PhysiologistPhysiologist Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 ISSN 0031-9376 D. Neil Granger President John A. Williams Contents Past President Douglas C. Eaton President-Elect Martin Frank Education in the Responsible Undergraduate Research Editor and Executive Director Conduct of Research Highlighted at EB 181 Councillors Michael Mann, Michael Carole M. Liedtke, Thomas E. Kalichman, Francis Macrina 149 Publications Lohmeier, Virginia M. Miller, APS/IUPS Relaunch NIPS as Helen E. Raybould, Jeff M. Sands, Open Does Not Mean Free! Physiology with New Features, Charles M. Tipton, Irving H. Zucker A Matter of Opinion 151 Outlook and Integrated Design184 2003 Impact Factors Are Ex Officio 157th APS Business Meeting 156 Published by Thomson/ISI 186 Susan Barman, Dale Benos, Graduate Students and Keeping Track of All Those Robert G. Carroll, Postdoctoral Fellows Receive Searches in the Online Curt D. Sigmund, Peter D. Wagner Caroline tum Suden/Frances A. Journals 187 Hellebrandt Professional Publications Committee: Opportunity Awards 164 Public Affairs Chairman: Dale J. Benos; Procter & Gamble Professional House Proposes 2.6% Increase Members: Penelope A. Hansen, Opportunity Awards 165 for NIH; New Grants Would Mark A. Knepper, Hershel Raff, D. Decrease by 460 188 Eugene Rannels. Director of IUPS Congress USDA Reviews Status of Rats, Publications: Margaret Reich. Design and Copy Editor: Joelle R. Tentative Program 166 Mice and Birds Not Bred for Grossnickle. 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Announcements The American Physiological Society Education Current Concepts in Cancer Pain assumes no responsibility for the APS Recognizes Outstanding Management; A Multidisciplinary statements and opinions advanced High School Students at the 55th Case-Based Symposium 202 by contributors to The Physiologist. Annual International Science International Course on Laboratory Deadline for submission of materi- and Engineering Fair 176 Animal Science 203 al for publication: Jan. 10, February R. Clinton Webb Receives First European Respiratory Society: issue; March 10, April issue; May 10, June issue; July 10, August Bodil M. Schmidt-Nielsen Monitoring of Airway Diseases203 issue; Sept. 10, October issue; Nov. Distinguished Mentor and European Respiratory Society: 10, December issue. Scientist Award 177 Cystic Fibrosis 203 Please notify the APS Member- Undergraduate Students Receive ship Department as soon as pos- David S. Bruce Awards for Scientific Meetings sible if you change your address Excellence in Undergraduate and Congresses 204 or telephone number. Research 178 Headquarters phone: 301-634-7118 Summer Research Teachers Fax: 301-634-7241 and Research Hosts Honored Email: [email protected] http://www.the-aps.org at Luncheon 180 Printed in the USA 150 The Physiologist Opinion Vol. 47, No. 4, 2004 Open Does Not Mean Free! The world of scientific and medical fails to recognize the tremendous The term “open access” is actually publishing has found itself embroiled strides made by both not-for-profit something of a misnomer when it in a bitter controversy about the and commercial publishers to make comes to describing online journal future of academic publishing and the content available immediately online publishing. While readers enjoy free dissemination of information. Several and to increase the number of articles access to these publications, authors months ago the controversy stimulat- freely available to the world. The are required to pay $1,500 (in the case ed a number of not-for-profit publish- members of the DC Principles of PLoS Biology) to have their work ers to issue the Washington DC Coalition have put over 500,000 arti- published, making it more accurately Principles for Free Access to Science cles online for free and they are active- termed “author pays.” The real cost of (http://www.dcprinciples.org). Several ly scanning their archival content publishing a scientific article can be weeks ago, the debate came front and (back to 1900 in some cases) making it $3,000-$4,500. Enterprises like PLoS center again when Public Library of available online for free. rely on a $9 million foundation startup Science Medicine, a new online journal The supporters of an “open access” grant to allow them to advocate for an that purportedly provides “open model contend that publication is the author-pays-model and to only charge access” to both readers and authors, final step of the research process and, the author a fraction of the publica- made a call for article submissions. thus, should be supported by research tions cost. Perhaps recognizing the Journals have played an integral grants provided by the Federal gov- inability to sustain this long-term, role in the advancement of scientific ernment or other funding agencies/ PLoS has added institutional mem- and medical research, knowledge, and organizations. Unfortunately, grants bership fees to their funding structure innovation since 1665—when the provided by the National Institutes of at levels that are