AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 14 1 August 2008 CIVIL ENGINEER GUIDE TO FIGHTING POSITIONS, SHELTERS, OBSTACLES, AND REVETMENTS DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE This Page Intentionally Left Blank BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 14 SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 1 August 2008 Certified Current, 8 March 2012 Operations CIVIL ENGINEER GUIDE TO FIGHTING POSITIONS, SHELTERS, OBSTACLES, AND REVETMENTS ______________________________________________________________ ACCESSIBILITY: This publication is available on the e-Publishing website at http://www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading and ordering. RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions. ______________________________________________________________ OPR: HQ AFCESA/CEXX Certified by: HQ AF/A7CX (Colonel Donald L. Gleason) Pages: 157 Supersedes: AFH 10-222V14, 1 November 2000 ______________________________________________________________ This handbook addresses expedient construction and employment of fighting positions, shelters, obstacles, and revetments in the expeditionary environ- ment. It is designed as a reference for deployed civil engineers. The defensive measures are primarily intended for protection against conventional weapons effects. It is applicable to active duty, Air National Guard, and Air Force Re- serve engineers. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publi- cation to the Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF IMT 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Its 847 from the field through Major Command (MAJCOM) publications/forms managers. Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 33-363, Management of Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition Sched- ule (RDS) at https://afrims.amc.af.mil. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force. AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 2 SUMMARY OF CHANGES This publication has been substantially revised and must be completely re- viewed. This revision removes obsolete force protection measures and incor- porates the latest tactics, techniques, and procedures used by civil engineers to implement physical security measures in the expeditionary environment. Preface. ...…………………………………………………………………..10 Chapter 1—INTRODUCTION. .................................................................11 1.1. Overview. ............................................................................... 11 Figure 1.1. Historic Earthworks. …………...................................................11 1.2. The Threat. ............................................................................. 12 Table 1.1. Typical Weapons and Their Effects. .......................................... 12 Figure 1.2. Pressure-Time Curve. ............................................................... 13 1.3. Planning. ................................................................................ 15 1.4. Protective Construction. ......................................................... 19 Figure 1.3. Protective Shelter Construction. ............................................... 19 Table 1.2. Security Engineering Series of Unified Facilities Criteria. ..........20 Chapter 2—FIGHTING POSITIONS. ..........………………....................21 2.1. Overview. ............................................................................... 21 2.2. Safety. .................................................................................... 21 2.3. Materials. .............................................................................. 21 Table 2.1. Checklist – Basic Criteria for Fighting Positions. ...................... 22 2.4. Hasty Fighting Positions. ...................................................... 23 Figure 2.1. Hasty Fighting Position. ............................................................ 24 2.5. Deliberate Fighting Positions. ................................................ 24 Figure 2.2. One-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. ................................. 25 AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 3 Figure 2.3. Outlining One-Person Fighting Position. .................................. 26 Figure 2.4. Grenade Sump – One-Person Fighting Position. .. .................... 27 Figure 2.5. Fighting Position Revetment. ......................................................28 Figure 2.6. Reinforced Trenches. ................................................................ 30 Figure 2.7. Ground Shock Intercept Trenches. ............................................ 30 Table 2.2. Checklist – Fighting Position Revetments and Trenches. ......... 31 Table 2.3. Timber and Processed Lumber Comparison. ............................. 33 Figure 2.8. Placement of Roof Support Logs. ............................................. 33 Table 2.4. Center-to-Center Spacing for Wood Stringers and Soil Cover to Defeat Contact Bursts. ................................................................................ 34 Figure 2.9. Illustration of Unsupported Span and On-Center Spacing. ....... 35 Figure 2.10. Dustproof Layer. ..................................................................... 35 Figure 2.11. Completed Fighting Position – Side View. ............................. 36 Table 2.5. Checklist – Fighting Position Overhead Cover. ........................ 37 Figure 2.12. Two-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. .............................. 39 Figure 2.13. Grenade Sumps – Two-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. ..40 Figure 2.14. Typical Sectors of Fire. ........................................................... 42 Figure 2.15. Curved Two-Person Deliberate Fighting Position. ...................42 Figure 2.16. Basic Machine Gun Fighting Position. ................................... 43 Figure 2.17. Top View – Three-Person Machine Gun Fighting Position. ... 44 Figure 2.18. Rear View – Three-Person Machine Gun Fighting Position. .. 44 Figure 2.19. L-Shaped Machine Gun Fighting Position. ............................. 45 Figure 2.20. Horseshoe-Shaped Machine Gun Fighting Position. .............. 45 Figure 2.21. Mortar Position. ...................................................................... 46 AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 4 Figure 2.22. Light Antitank Weapon (LAW) Fighting Position. ................ 47 Figure 2.23. Earth Containers Being Expanded and Filled On-site. ........... 48 Figure 2.24. Improved Foundation. ............................................................. 49 Figure 2.25. First Layer – Single-Bay Fighting Position. ............................ 50 Figure 2.26. Second Layer – Single-Bay Fighting Position. ........... ............ 51 Figure 2.27. Composite Panels – Single-Bay Fighting Position. ................. 51 Figure 2.28. Waterproof Membrane – Single-Bay Fighting Position. ......... 52 Figure 2.29. Overhead Cover – Single-Bay Fighting Position. ................... 53 Figure 2.30. Completed Single–Bay Fighting Position. .............................. 53 Chapter 3—PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES. ...........................................54 3.1. Overview. ............................................................................... 54 Figure 3.1. Protective Structures. .. .............................................................. 54 3.2. Expedient Protective Structures. ............................................ 55 Figure 3.2. Corrugated Metal Culvert Shelter. ............................................ 56 Figure 3.3. Top View – Fighting Bunker. .. ................................................. 58 Figure 3.4. Front View – Fighting Bunker. ...................................................58 Figure 3.5. Layout and Design – Fighting Bunker. ..................................... 59 Table 3.1. Fighting Bunker Bill of Materials. .. ........................................... 60 Table 3.2. Thickness of Wood to Support Earth Cover. .............................. 60 3.3. Prefabricated Structures. ........................................................ 61 Figure 3.6. Expandable Tactical Shelter. .................................................... 61 Figure 3.7. ISO Bunker. .............................................................................. 62 Figure 3.8. First Layer – ISO Bunker. ......................................................... 63 AFH 10-222 Volume 14 1 August 2008 5 Figure 3.9. Second Layer – ISO Bunker. ..................................................... 64 Figure 3.10. Roof Support – ISO Bunker. ................................................... 65 Figure 3.11. Sheet Piling – ISO Bunker. ..................................... ................ 66 Figure 3.12. Waterproof Membrane – ISO Bunker. .....................................66 Figure 3.13. Overhead Cover – ISO Bunker. .............................................. 67 Table 3.3. Visual Checklist – ISO Bunker. .................................................. 67 3.4. Reinforced Concrete Bunkers. ..... .......................................... 68 Figure 3.14. Reinforced Concrete Bunkers. .................................. .............. 69 Chapter 4—OBSTACLES. ....................................................................... 70 4.1. Overview. ............................................................................... 70 4.2. Planning. .... ............................................................................ 70 4.3. Natural Obstacles. .................................................................