Mutual accountability, integrity and professionalism Genuine customer service; and Best performance possible Basic Mining and Metallurgy JOHN MIKEL P. ANSAO, EM Mines and Geoscience Bureau RXII Outline I. Facts about Mining II. The Mining Cycle III. Different Mining and Processing Methods DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Facts About Mining Minerals are non-renewable Life of mines is finite Mining represents TEMPORARY USE OF LAND Present Mining Economics Criteria: • Technical Feasibility • Environmental Sustainability • Social Acceptability • Financial Viability DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII The Mining Cycle Progressive Rehabilitation DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII EXPLORATION PHASE OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION • Determine location • Determine Size, Shape, Position • Determine Value of an ore body (or mineralization) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII EXPLORATION METHODS 1. PROSPECTING 2. REMOTE SENSING 3. GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 4. DRILLING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROSPECTING • looking for signs of mineralization (traversing, panning, sifting, looking for signs of mineralization) • a small scale method of mineral exploration (outcrop investigation, panning, staking) Reference: • https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b- ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM: • https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FLode-Gold- Deposits.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Flode-gold%2F&docid=dkHLcJKSmbG3EM&tbnid=k1xxOj1I54o5pM%3A&vet=1&w=640&h=384&client=firefox-b- ab&bih=786&biw=1600&ved=2ahUKEwjbj-Ow4NHaAhXIhlQKHSUTAcIQxiAoBHoECAAQGA&iact=c&ictx=1 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII REMOTE SENSING Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation Reference: • https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/ • https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/remotesensing.html DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Geologic mapping involves plotting the location and attitude of the various rock units, faults, and folds on a base map. Geologic maps are used to investigate geologic hazards, mineral resources, groundwater aquifers, and just plain science. Reference: • http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/ • http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolgeom.htm DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DRILLING Reference: • https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/ • http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&max-results=6&reverse-paginate=true DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DEVELOPMENT PHASE 1. Orebody preparation 2. Mine Organization 3. Road Construction 4. Mine Planning & Design 5. Mine and Mill Development & Construction 6. Construction of ancillary facilities 7. Debugging and Commissioning 8. Environmental/ Social Programs DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Development Phase – Community Consultations and Agreement DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII OPERATION PHASE OBJECTIVES: REMOVAL/EXTRACTION OF MINERALS FROM THE GROUND • Surface Mining Method • Underground Mining Method CONCENTRATION (Processing to concentrate the metals) PRODUCT SALES CONTINUING COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS – Progressive preparations for alternative and sustainable livelihood and environmental rehabilitation & protection DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROGRESSIVE REHABILITATION DURING OPERATION PHASE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Region IX 1999 PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC. Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte 2016 1999 Region IX PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC. 2016 Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte Region IX PHILEX GOLD 1999 PHILIPPINES, INC. Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte 2016 Region XIII Silangan Mindanao 2013 Mining Company, Inc. Surigao del Norte 2014 2004 Region XIII Taganito Mining 2005 Corporation Taganito, Claver, 2006 Surigao del Norte 2011 MINE CLOSURE, FINAL MINE REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PHASE Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable state. OBJECTIVES Restore the land affected to a condition capable of supporting the uses which it was capable prior to mining –or higher/better Ensure safety of areas affected by exploration and operations Reference: • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII 22 From a mine to a tourist attraction Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia to Mine Wellness City DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS SURFACE – The mining in surface excavations – Mining at or near the surface. This type of mining is generally done where the overburden can be removed without too much expense UNDERGROUND – For deep-seated, narrow/vertical ore DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA ECONOMICS • DEPTH OF ORE OPEN PIT FOR SHALLOW ORE . The cost of stripping overburden is less than cost of development and operating cost of underground method UNDERGROUND FOR DEEP/VERTICAL ORE. The cost of stripping is to get to the ore is too expensive • GRADE AND BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSIT Lower grade requires higher volume (Open pit has advantage over underground in moving volumes) Sand Deposits might favour dredging method. In situ leaching on highly fragmented leachable ores SAFETY - cost of SAFETY impacts the ECONOMICS of project GOVT REGULATION - Socio-political acceptability DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII TYPES OF SURFACE MINING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII OPEN PIT MINING An excavation or cut made at the surface of the ground for the purpose of extracting ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine’s life Carmen Copper, Toledo City, Cebu Reference: • https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Quarrying Identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay. Reference: • http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/ • https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII STRIP MINING Which consist of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore/seams underneath Reference: • https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods • http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII AUGER MINING A mining method often used by strip-mine operators where the overburden is too thick to be removed economically Reference: • https://www.coalaugering.com/ • https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Dredging Removing solid matter from the bottom of an area covered by water Reference: • http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/ • https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII HYDRAULIC MINING Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking, is a form of mining that uses high- pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment Reference: • http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm • http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND