Basic Mining and Metallurgy

Mutual accountability, integrity and professionalism Genuine customer service; and Best performance possible

JOHN MIKEL P. ANSAO, EM Mines and Geoscience Bureau RXII Outline

I. Facts about Mining II. The Mining Cycle III. Different Mining and Processing Methods

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Facts About Mining

 Minerals are non-renewable  Life of mines is finite  Mining represents TEMPORARY USE OF LAND

 Present Mining Economics Criteria: • Technical Feasibility • Environmental Sustainability • Social Acceptability • Financial Viability

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII The Mining Cycle

Progressive Rehabilitation

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII EXPLORATION PHASE

OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION

• Determine location • Determine Size, Shape, Position • Determine Value of an ore body (or mineralization)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII EXPLORATION METHODS

1. PROSPECTING

2. REMOTE SENSING

3. GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

4. DRILLING

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROSPECTING

• looking for signs of mineralization (traversing, panning, sifting, looking for signs of mineralization) • a small scale method of mineral exploration (outcrop investigation, panning, staking)

Reference: • https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b- ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM:

• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FLode-Gold- Deposits.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Flode-gold%2F&docid=dkHLcJKSmbG3EM&tbnid=k1xxOj1I54o5pM%3A&vet=1&w=640&h=384&client=firefox-b- ab&bih=786&biw=1600&ved=2ahUKEwjbj-Ow4NHaAhXIhlQKHSUTAcIQxiAoBHoECAAQGA&iact=c&ictx=1

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation

Reference: • https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/

• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/remotesensing.html

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

Geologic mapping involves plotting the location and attitude of the various rock units, faults, and folds on a base map. Geologic maps are used to investigate geologic hazards, mineral resources, groundwater aquifers, and just plain science.

Reference: • http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/

• http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolgeom.htm

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DRILLING

Reference: • https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/

• http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&max-results=6&reverse-paginate=true

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DEVELOPMENT PHASE

1. Orebody preparation 2. Mine Organization 3. Road Construction 4. Mine Planning & Design 5. Mine and Mill Development & Construction 6. Construction of ancillary facilities 7. Debugging and Commissioning 8. Environmental/ Social Programs

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Development Phase – Community Consultations and Agreement

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII OPERATION PHASE

OBJECTIVES:

 REMOVAL/EXTRACTION OF MINERALS FROM THE GROUND • Surface Mining Method • Underground Mining Method

 CONCENTRATION (Processing to concentrate the metals)

 PRODUCT SALES

 CONTINUING COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS – Progressive preparations for alternative and sustainable livelihood and environmental rehabilitation & protection

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROGRESSIVE REHABILITATION DURING OPERATION PHASE

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Region IX 1999 PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.

Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte 2016 1999

Region IX

PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC. 2016 Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte Region IX

PHILEX GOLD 1999 PHILIPPINES, INC.

Sibutad, Zamboanga del Norte 2016 Region XIII Silangan Mindanao 2013 Mining Company, Inc.

Surigao del Norte

2014 2004

Region XIII

Taganito Mining 2005 Corporation

Taganito, Claver, 2006 Surigao del Norte

2011 MINE CLOSURE, FINAL MINE REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PHASE

Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable state.

OBJECTIVES

 Restore the land affected to a condition capable of supporting the uses which it was capable prior to mining –or higher/better

 Ensure safety of areas affected by exploration and operations

Reference: • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII 22 From a mine to a tourist attraction

Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia to Mine Wellness City

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS

 SURFACE – The mining in surface excavations – Mining at or near the surface. This type of mining is generally done where the overburden can be removed without too much expense

 UNDERGROUND – For deep-seated, narrow/vertical ore

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA

 ECONOMICS • DEPTH OF ORE  OPEN PIT FOR SHALLOW ORE . The cost of stripping overburden is less than cost of development and operating cost of underground method  UNDERGROUND FOR DEEP/VERTICAL ORE. The cost of stripping is to get to the ore is too expensive • GRADE AND BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSIT  Lower grade requires higher volume (Open pit has advantage over underground in moving volumes)  Sand Deposits might favour dredging method.  In situ leaching on highly fragmented leachable ores

 SAFETY - cost of SAFETY impacts the ECONOMICS of project

 GOVT REGULATION - Socio-political acceptability

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII TYPES OF SURFACE MINING

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII OPEN PIT MINING

An excavation or cut made at the surface of the ground for the purpose of extracting ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine’s life

Carmen Copper, Toledo City, Cebu Reference: • https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Quarrying

Identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay.

Reference: • http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/

• https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII STRIP MINING

Which consist of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore/seams underneath

Reference: • https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods

• http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII AUGER MINING

A mining method often used by strip-mine operators where the overburden is too thick to be removed economically

Reference: • https://www.coalaugering.com/

• https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Dredging

Removing solid matter from the bottom of an area covered by water

Reference: • http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/

• https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII HYDRAULIC MINING

Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking, is a form of mining that uses high- pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment

Reference: • http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm

• http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII IN SITU MINING

Reference: • https://nuclear-news.net/2013/01/26/uranium-mining-in-situ-leaching-not-the-same-as-fracking/

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII UNDERGROUND MINING

Reference: • https://www.prysmiangroup.com/en/products-and-solutions/industries/mining/cables-for-underground-mining

• http://iminco.net/underground-mine-assistant-mount-isa-qld-iminco/

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII COMBINATION OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROCESSING METHODS

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINERAL PROCESSING

 Separating the valuable minerals in the ore from the host rock or from waste

 Recovery of metals from ore or concentrates

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII MINERAL PROCESSING METHODS

 Gravity – separates the heavy minerals from lighter host rock  Gravity Concentrator  Shaking Table  Heavy Media

 Flotation - separates finely ground mineral from one another by causing some to float in a froth and others to sink (copper and lead-bearing minerals)

 Magnetism – Separation by attracting magnetic minerals from non-magnetic

 Leaching/electrowinning – Separation by dissolving the valuable minerals with specific reagents (ex: Sulfuric acid solution to dissolve leachable copper, cyanide for leachable gold

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII GRAVITY

Gravity concentration is the separation of minerals based on differences in specific gravity Shaking tables are designed to wet gravity-based of minerals and other granular materials. They are effective in processing precious and base metals, rare and non-metals

Heavy Media Separation is for separating a mixture of two products having differentials in specific gravity by immersing the sample in a heavy liquid having a gravity intermediate to DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU those of the products to be separated REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII FLOTATION

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII GOLD LEACHING (CIP/CIL) PROCESS

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII PROCESSING EQUIPMENT EXAMPLES

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII Thank You!!!

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAU REGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII