/ ( Mars Together and FIRE & ICE 00 N O u_ ,-4 I " _0 U u_ 0, t- O Z _ O o- Report of the Q cO Z O. Joint U.S./Russian ZCJ Technical Working Groups T--) _t_Z I,,- Q¢ u.o u303_ O_ ,,1- _ T ,,,0 ¢0 ), UJ _o_k- C3. October 1994 o_ CS b-4 _ _)ZtO __= Mars Together and FIRE & IC Report of the Joint U.S./Russian Technical Working Groups October 1994 Table of Contents Summary Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 April 1994 Agreement ............................................................................................ 1 Study Group Results ............................................................................................. 2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 11 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 11 Summary of Discussion--US/Russia Space Science Meeting ................................. 13 Chapter One: Mars Together 1.1 Introduction and Background .................................................................. 17 1.2 The US and Russian National Programs ................................................. 19 1.3 Rationale for Mars Together 1998 Mission ............................................. 22 1.4 Technical Options for MT-98 .................................................................. 23 1.5 Recommended Option ............................................................................. 26 1.6 Scientific Payload for MT-98 Mission .................................................... 27 1.7 Schedule for MT-98 ................................................................................ 28 1.8 Open Issues on MT-98 ............................................................................ 29 1.9 Beyond 1998 ........................................................................................... 30 1.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 30 1.11 List of Supplements ................................................................................. 31 1.12 Membership ............................................................................................. 31 Chapter Two: FIRE: The Solar Probe 2.1 Introduction and Background .................................................................. 33 2.2 Science Objectives and Payloads for Joint Mission ................................. 34 2.3 Mission Options ...................................................................................... 39 2.4 Selected Mission Design and Rationale ................................................... 42 2.5 Selected Launch Configuration ................................................................ 43 2.6 The Russian Spacecraft Concept .............................................................. 50 2.7 US Spacecraft Concept ............................................................................ 53 2.8 Open Issues ............................................................................................. 61 2.9 Future Program Plan ................................................................................ 63 2.10 Membership ............................................................................................. 63 iii Chapter Three: ICE: The Pluto Mission 3.1 Introduction and Background .................................................................. 65 3.2 The Pluto Program ................................................................................... 66 3.3 Rationale for a Joint Mission ................................................................... 72 3.4 Options Studied ....................................................................................... 76 3.5 Recommended Option and Rationale ....................................................... 87 3.6 Open Issues ............................................................................................. 88 3.7 Recommended Next Steps ....................................................................... 89 3.8 Membership ............................................................................................. 89 Chapter Four: Launch Vehicles 4.1 Introduction and Background .................................................................. 91 4.2 Proton Launch Vehicle ............................................................................. 91 4.3 Launch Approval Considerations ............................................................. 94 4.4 Mars Together Mission Description ........................................................ 95 4.5 ICE Mission Description ......................................................................... 98 4.6 FIRE Mission Description ..................................................................... 102 4.7 Summary, Recommendations, and Rationale .......................................... 105 4.8 Open Issues and Recommended Next Steps .......................................... 107 4.9 Membership ........................................................................................... 108 Glossary ....................................................................................................................... 109 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................ 113 Figures S-1 Mars Together 1998 Stack ......................................................................... 3 S-2 Mars Together 1998 Mission ................................................................... 4 S-3 FIRE Launch Stack .................................................................................... 7 S-4 FIRE Trajectories ....................................................................................... 8 S-5 Pluto Spacecraft with Zond ........................................................................ 9 S-6 Drop Zond Sequence of Events ............................................................... 10 1-1 Mar Together 1998 Basic Configuration ................................................. 18 1-2 Mars Surveyor Program Elements ........................................................... 20 1-3 Option 98A Configuration Description .................................................... 24 1-4 Option 98B Configuration Description .................................................... 25 iv 2-1 FIRE Near-Solar Objectives and US & Russian Instruments .................. 38 2-2 Evolution of FIRE Spacecraft Options ..................................................... 40 2-3 FIRE Interplanetary Trajectory Geometry ................................................ 45 2-4 Recommended Space Head for FIRE Launch Using Star-48 Stage on Proton ...................................................................................................... 47 2-5 Option for Space Head for FIRE Launch Using Fregat Upper Stage on Proton ...................................................................................................... 48 2-6 Russian FIRE Spacecraft Block Diagram ................................................ 50 2-7 Russian FIRE Spacecraft ......................................................................... 53 2-8 US FIRE Spacecraft Block Diagram ....................................................... 55 2-9 Stowed Configuration of the FIRE Spacecraft ......................................... 56 2-10 US FIRE Instrument Fields of View ........................................................ 59 2-11 Telemetry Rates vs. Time from Perihelion for the US FIRE Spacecraft ................................................................................................ 60 2-12 FIRE Spacecraft Mass Loss vs. Emissivity for Parabolic Shield ............. 61 3-1 Pluto Spacecraft with Drop Zonal ............................................................. 70 3-2 Pluto Fast Flyby Interplanetary Trajectories ............................................ 71 3-3 Russian Drop Zond ................................................................................. 79 3-4 Pluto VSS: Pluto/Charon Flyby .............................................................. 82 3-5 Pluto/Charon Strawman Encounter Scenario Overview ............................ 83 3-6 3+AVEJGA Trajectory ............................................................................ 84 4-1 Proton Launch Vehicle and Main Injection Parameters ............................ 93 4-2 Mars Together 1998 Basic Configuration ................................................ 96 4-3 Configuration for ICE Mission .............................................................. 100 4-4 Profile of S/C Insertion into Interplanetary Trajectory ........................... 101 4-5 Configuration for FIRE Mission ........................................................... 104 Tables 2.1 FIRE Trajectory Parameters ..................................................................... 44 2.2 Proton Booster Characteristics ................................................................. 46 2.3 Proton Performance Characteristics for the FIRE Mission ...................... 49 2.4 Proton-M Performance Characteristics for the FIRE Mission ................. 49 3.1 Science Capabilities Comparison ............................................................. 69 3.2 DZ Equipment Characteristics ................................................................. 80 V SUMMARY Introduction The United