History of India Topic-wise Strategy Contents History of India 1-304 Part A: Ancient India 7. Later Vedic Phase: Period and Spread 18 1. Pre-Historic Period 1 8. Later Vedic Polity and Economy 18 9. Later Vedic Society 19 1. Introduction 1 10. Religion in Later Vedic Period 20 2. Palaeolithic Age Self–Evaluation Test 20 (5,00,000–10,000 BC) 1 3. Mesolithic Age (10,000–6,000 BC) 2 4. Emergence of Mahajanapadas 21 4. Neolithic Age (6,000 BC) 2 1. Mahajanapadas 21 5. Chalcolithic Age 3 2. Prominent Republics 22 6. The Copper Phase 4 3. Rise of Magadha 22 7. Iron Age 5 4. The Persian Invasion 22 Self–Evaluation Test 5 5. Alexander’s Invasion 22 2. Indus Valley Civilization 6. Socio-Economic Conditions (2500–1700 BC) 6 During Mahajanapadas 23 Self–Evaluation Test 24 1. Discovery of Indus Valley Civilization 6 2. Geographical Extent 6 5. The Mauryas (321 BC–185 BC) 25 3. Town Planning 8 1. Source Materials 25 4. Economic Life 9 2. Chandragupta Maurya 5. Social and Religious Life 11 (321–293 BC) 25 6. Political life 13 3. Bindusara (293–273 BC) 26 7. Relation with Other Civilizations 13 4. Ashoka (273–232 BC) 26 8. Decline and Disappearance 13 5. Later Imperial Mauryas 26 Self–Evaluation Test 14 6. Causes of the Decline of the Mauryans 27 3. Vedic Age 15 7. Mauryan Administration 27 1. Early Vedic Age (1500–1000 BC) 15 7.1 Central Administration 27 2. Origin of the Aryans 15 7.2 Provincial Administration 27 3. Aryans’ Arrival in India 15 7.3 District Administration 27 4. Rig Vedic Polity 16 7.4 Judicial Administration 29 5. Socio-Economic Life in Rig 7.5 Army 29 Vedic Period 16 7.6 Revenue Administration 29 6. Rig Vedic Gods 17 8. Socio-Economic and Religious 6. Skandagupta Vikramaditya Conditions 29 (455–467 AD) 39 Self–Evaluation Test 30 7. Decline of the Gupta Empire 39 8. Gupta Administration 39 6. India After the Mauryas 9. Economic and Social Developments 40 (200 BC–100 AD) 31 10. Development of Science 1. Local Powers 31 and Technology 40 2. Sunga Dynasty (184–75 BC) 31 11. Was it a ‘Golden Age’? 41 3. Kanva Dynasty (75–30 BC) 31 Self–Evaluation Test 41 4. Cheta (Chetis) Dynasty of Kalinga 31 9. The Post-Gupta Era (up to 750 AD) 42 5. Age of Satavahanas (235–100 BC) 31 5.1 Administration 32 1. North India 42 5.2 Trade and Commerce 32 1.1 Harshavardhana (606–647AD) 42 5.3 Art and Architecture 32 2. Deccan 43 6. Invasions from the Central Asia 33 2.1 The Vakatakas (225–510 AD) 43 6.1 The Indo-Greeks (190 BC) 33 2.2 The Chalukyas (543–753 AD) 43 6.2 The Indo-Scythians or Shakas 2.3 The Ikshavakus 44 (90–100 AD) 33 3. South India 44 6.3 The Indo-Parthians (19–45 AD) 33 3.1 The Pallavas (600–757 AD) 44 6.4 The Kushanas (45–73 AD) 33 Self–Evaluation Test 45 7. Crafts, Trade and Towns in 10. Transformation from the Ancient the Post-Maurya Age 34 Self–Evaluation Test 34 Phase to Medieval Phase 46 1. Social and Economic Changes 46 7. The Sangam Age 2. Trade and Commerce 46 (1st to 3rd Century AD) 35 3. Education, Science and Learning 47 1. Introduction 35 Self–Evaluation Test 48 2. The Cholas 35 Practice Set-Ancient History 49 3. The Pandyas 35 4. The Cheras 35 Important Historical Facts 57 5. Sangam Polity 36 Part B: Medieval India 6. Law and Justice 37 7. Economy 37 1. Early Medieval India (750–1200 AD) 59 8. Religion 37 Self–Evaluation Test 37 1. North India and the Deccan 59 1.1 Gurjara-Pratiharas 59 8. The Age of the Guptas (320–550 AD) 38 1.2 Palas 59 1. Classical Age 38 1.3 Rashtrakutas 60 2. Chandragupta I (320–335 AD) 38 1.4 Tripartite Struggle 60 3. Samudragupta (335–375 AD) 38 1.5 Kashmir 60 4. Chandragupta II (380–412 AD) 38 2. South India 60 5. Kumaragupta I, Mahendraditya 2.1 The Cholas 60 (415–455 AD) 39 2.2 The Pandyas 62 3. Other Dynasties of the Deccan 7. Lodi or Afghan Sultans and the South 62 (1451–1526 AD) 70 3.1 Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi 62 7.1 Bahlol Lodi (1451–1489 AD) 70 3.2 Western Chalukyas of Kalyani 62 7.2 Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517 AD) 70 3.3 The Cheras 62 7.3 Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526 AD) 71 3.4 The Hoyasalas 62 8. General Administration of 3.5 The Yadavas 62 the Sultanate 71 3.6 The Kakatiyas 62 8.1 Politcal Theory of State 71 3.7 The Kadambas 62 8.2 Central Government 71 4. Emergence of the Rajputs 62 9. Provincial Administration 72 5. Arab Conquest of Sindh 63 9.1 Provincial Government 72 6. Attacks of Mahmud of Ghazni 63 9.2 Judicial System 72 10. Army 72 7. Attacks of Muhammad Ghori 64 11. Revenue Administration and Self–Evaluation Test 64 Classification of Land 73 2. The Delhi Sultanate 65 11.1 Revenue Administration 73 11.2 Types of Land 73 1. Introduction 65 12. Socio-Economic Life During 1.1 Sultanate 65 Sultanate Administration 73 2. Sources of Medieval History 65 12.1 Social Life 73 3. The Slave Dynasty 12.2 Economic Life 73 (1206–1290 AD) 66 Self–Evaluation Test 75 3.1 Qutb-ud-Din Aibak (1206–1210 AD) 3. Emergence of Provincial Kingdoms 76 Lakh Baksh – Siraaj 66 3.2 Iltutmish (1210–1236 AD) Real 1. Introduction 76 founder of Delhi Sultanate 66 2. Jaunpur 76 3.3 Raziya Sultan (1236–1240 AD) 67 3. Kashmir 76 3.4 Balban (1265–1287 AD) 67 4. Gujarat and Malwa 76 4. The Khiljis Revolution 5. Rajasthan 76 (1290–1320 AD) 67 6. Orissa 77 4.1 Jalal-ud-Din Khilji (1290–1296 AD) 67 7. Assam and Kamarupa 77 4.2 Ala-ud-Din Khilji (1296–1316 AD) 67 8. Bengal 78 4.3 Kafur (1315) 68 9. Bahmani Kingdom 78 4.4 Mubarak Khan (1316–1320) 68 9.1 Deccan Sultanate 78 4.5 Khusrau Khan (1320) 68 10. Vijayanagar Kingdom 79 5. The Tughlaq Dynasty 10.1 The Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485) 79 (1320–1414 AD) 68 10.2 First Usurpation: The Saluva Dynasty 5.1 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325 AD) 68 (1485–1505) 79 10.3 Second Usurpation: The Tuluvu Dynasty 79 5.2 Muhammad-bin Tughlaq 10.4 Third Usurpation: The Aravidu Dynasty 80 (1325–1351 AD) 69 10.5 Vijayanagar Administration 80 5.3 Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388 AD) 70 10.6 Land Tenures 80 5.4 Successors of Firoz Shah 70 10.7 Vijayanagar Society and Economy 81 6. Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451 AD) 70 Self–Evaluation Test 82 4. The Mughals 83 6. The Marathas (1649–1748) 98 1. Introduction 83 1. Introduction 98 2. Babur (1526–1530) 83 2. Shahji Bhonsle (1594AD–1664AD) 98 2.1 Babur’s Five Expeditions 83 3. Shivaji (1627–1680AD) 98 3. Humayun (1530–1556) 84 3.1 Shivaji’s Coronation 98 3.1 Humayun’s Expeditions 84 3.2 Shivaji’s Administration 99 4. Afghan Interruption: Rise of 4. Shambhaji (1680–1689) 100 Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545) 85 5. Rise of the Peshwas 100 4.1 Sher Shah’s Administration 85 5.1 Balaji Viswanath (1713–1720) 100 4.2 Restoration of Humayun (1556–1556) 86 5.2 Baji Rao I (1720–1740) 100 5. Akbar (1560–1605) 86 5.3 Balaji Baji Rao (1740–61) 100 5.1 Military Conquests of Akbar 6. Maratha Confederacy 101 (1556–1560) 86 7. Causes Leading to Downfall of 6. Jahangir (1605–1627) 87 Marathas 101 7. Shah Jahan (1627–1658) 87 Self–Evaluation Test 101 8. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) 87 8.1 Revolts during Aurangzeb 88 Practice Set-Medieval History 102 9. Later Mughals 88 Important Historical Facts 109 10. Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali 90 10.1 Nadir Shah 90 Part C: Modern India 10.2 Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasion and the Third Battle of Panipat 90 1. Advent of European Companies 114 11. Mughal Administrative Structure 90 11.1 Mansabdari System 91 1. The Portuguese 114 11.2 Land Revenue System 91 2. The Dutch 115 12. Rajput Policy of the Mughals 92 3. The French 115 13 Deccan Policy of the Mughals 93 4. The English 115 14. Foreign Policy of the Mughals 93 5. The East India Company and 15. Religious Policy of the Mughals 93 the Bengal Nawabs 116 16. Socio-economic Conditions 5.1 Siraj-ud-Daulah (1756–57) 116 under Mughals 94 5.2 Mir Jafar (1757–60) 116 Self–Evaluation Test 95 5.3 Mir Qasim (1760–64) 116 5. Rise of Independent Autonomous 5.4 Nizam-ud-Daulah (1765–72) 116 States 96 6. Other Europeans 116 Self–Evaluation Test 117 1. Bengal 96 2. Awadh 96 2. British Expansion in India 118 3. Rajput States 96 1. Annexation Policies of the Company 118 4. Hyderabad 96 2. Anglo-French Rivalry 118 5. Mysore 96 6. Rohilkhand 97 2.1 First Carnatic War (1746–1748) 118 7. Punjab 97 2.2 Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) 118 Self–Evaluation Test 97 2.3 Third Carnatic War (1756–1763) 119 3. The British Conquest of Bengal 119 3. Agrarian Policy 127 3.1 The Battle of Plassey (1757) 119 3.1 Land Revenue Policy 127 3.2 The Battle of Buxar (1764) 119 3.2 Impact of Colonial Land 3.3 The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) 120 Revenue Systems 128 3.4 Dual System of Administration 4.