Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context CHAN-26-feldman_CS2.indd i 4-5-2007 12:47:27 Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Founding Editor M.H.E. Weippert Editor-in-Chief Thomas Schneider Editors Eckart Frahm, W. Randall Garr, B. Halpern, Theo P.J. van den Hout, Irene J. Winter VOLUME 26 CHAN-26-feldman_CS2.indd ii 4-5-2007 12:47:27 xvi table of contents book_Feldman.indb xvi 4-5-2007 13:28:54 barley as a key symbol in early mesopotamia 1 Irene J. Winter feldman-fronti.indd 1 9-5-2007 7:50:04 Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students Edited by Jack Cheng Marian H. Feldman LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 CHAN-26-feldman_CS2.indd iii 4-5-2007 12:47:27 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data Ancient Near Eastern art in context : studies in honor of Irene J. Winter / by her students ; edited by Jack Cheng, Marian H. Feldman. p. cm. — (Culture and history of the ancient Near East) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-15702-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Art, Ancient— Middle East. I. Winter, Irene. II. Feldman, Marian H. III. Cheng, Jack. IV. Title. V. Series. N5370.A53 2007 709.39’4—dc22 2007010469 ISSN: 1566-2055 ISBN: 978 90 04 15702 6 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints BRILL, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CHAN-26-feldman_CS2.indd iv 4-5-2007 12:47:28 table of contents v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Contributors . ix Editor’s Note . xiii Acknowledgements . xv Introduction Introduction Jack Cheng and Marian H. Feldman . 3 A Personal Perspective on Irene Winter’s Scholarly Career John M. Russell . 13 Picturing the Past, Teaching the Future Michelle I. Marcus . 21 Bibliography for Irene J. Winter, 1967–2005 . 35 I. “Seat of Kingship/A Wonder to Behold”: Architectural Contexts A Note on the Nahal Mishmar “Crowns” Irit Ziffer . 47 Upright Stones and Building Narratives: Formation of a Shared Architectural Practice in the Ancient Near East Ömür Harmanâah . 69 Blurring the Edges: A Reconsideration of the Treatment of Enemies in Ashurbanipal’s Reliefs Stephanie Reed . 101 II. “Idols of the King”: Ritual Contexts Assyrian Royal Monuments on the Periphery: Ritual and the Making of Imperial Space Ann Shafer . 133 book_Feldman.indb v 4-5-2007 13:28:53 vi table of contents The Godlike Semblance of a King: The Case of Senna- cherib’s Rock Reliefs Tallay Ornan . 161 Ceremony and Kingship at Carchemish Elif Denel . 179 The Temple and the King: Urartian Ritual Spaces and their Role in Royal Ideology TuÅba Tanyeri-Erdemir . 205 III. “Legitimization of Authority”: Ideological Contexts Workmanship as Ideological Tool in the Monumental Hunt Reliefs of Assurbanipal Jülide Aker . 229 Darius I and the Heroes of Akkad: Affect and Agency in the Bisitun Relief Marian H. Feldman . 265 The Melammu as Divine Epiphany and Usurped Entity Mehmet-Ali Ataç . 295 IV. “Sex, Rhetoric and the Public Monument”: Gendered Contexts Between Human and Divine: High Priestesses in Images from the Akkad to the Isin-Larsa Period Claudia E. Suter . 317 Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources T. M. Sharlach . 363 The Lead Inlays of Tukulti-Ninurta I: Pornography as Imperial Strategy Julia Assante . 369 V. “Opening the Eyes and Opening the Mouth”: Interdisciplinary Contexts Barley as a Key Symbol in Early Mesopotamia Andrew C. Cohen . 411 book_Feldman.indb vi 4-5-2007 13:28:53 table of contents vii Biblical mÀlîlot, Akkadian millatum, and Eating One’s Fill Abraham Winitzer . 423 Self-Portraits of Objects Jack Cheng . 437 From Mesopotamia to Modern Syria: Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives on Female Adornment during Rites of Passage Amy Rebecca Gansell . 449 The Ninety-Degree Rotation of the Cuneiform Script Benjamin Studevent-Hickman . 485 Index . 515 book_Feldman.indb vii 4-5-2007 13:28:53 viii table of contents book_Feldman.indb viii 4-5-2007 13:28:53 list of contributors ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jülide Aker is a Ph.D. candidate at Harvard University’s Department of History of Art and Architecture. Currently, she’s finishing her dissertation on the ideological effects of Assurbanipal’s monumental lion hunt reliefs. Julia Assante (Ph.D. 2000, Columbia University) has written on eroti- cism, sexuality and magic in the ancient Near East. A number of her essays are targeted at the widespread distortions in scholarship that impose over-sexualized interpretations (e.g. prostitution) on women in Mesopotamian images and texts. Mehmet-Ali Ataç is assistant professor of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology at Bryn Mawr College. Jack Cheng received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 2001 for his thesis “Assyrian Music as Represented and Representations of Assyrian Music.” Based in Boston, he writes for academic and general audi- ences. Andrew C. Cohen, Ph.D. (2001) in Near Eastern Archaeology, Bryn Mawr College, is a Visiting Research Associate in Anthropology at Brandeis University. He is the author of Death Rituals, Ideology, and the Development of Early Mesopotamian Kingship: Toward a New Understanding of Iraq’s Royal Cemetery of Ur (Styx/Brill 2005). Elif Denel received her Ph.D. in 2006 from the Department of Clas- sical and Near Eastern Archaeology at Bryn Mawr College with a dissertation entitled “Development of Elite Cultures and Sociopoliti- cal Complexity in Early Iron Age Kingdoms of Northern Syria and Southeastern Anatolia.” Marian H. Feldman is associate professor of Near Eastern art at the University of California at Berkeley. She received her Ph.D. in Fine Arts from Harvard University in 1998 and is the author of Diplomacy by Design: Luxury Arts and an ‘International Style’ in the Ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE (2006). book_Feldman.indb ix 4-5-2007 13:28:53 x list of contributors Amy Rebecca Gansell is a Ph.D. candidate in the History of Art and Architecture Department at Harvard University. As Andrew W. Mellon Curatorial Intern at the Harvard University Art Museums in 2001-2002 she helped co-curate and write a gallery guide (Harvard University Art Museums Gallery Series 36, 2002) with Irene Winter for the University of Pennsylvania Museum’s traveling exhibition, “Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur.” She holds a Whiting Dis- sertation Completion Fellowship for 2006-2007. Ömür Harmanâah is an architectural historian who primarily works on the ancient Near East. He is currently a visiting assistant profes- sor of Near Eastern art and archaeology at the Joukowsky Institute of Archaeology and the Ancient World at Brown University. He received his Ph.D. from University of Pennsylvania in 2005 with a dissertation entitled, “Spatial Narratives, Commemorative Practices and the Building Project: New Urban Foundations in Upper Syro- Mesopotamia during the Early Iron Age.” Michelle I. Marcus received her M.A. from Columbia University and her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. Her publications in- clude Emblems of Identity and Prestige: The Seals and Sealings from Hasanlu, Iran (1996), as well as many articles about Assyrian palace program, body ornament and social identity, gender and sexuality, and seals and administration. She has held post-doctoral fellowships from the Getty Foundation, National Endowment from the Humanities, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and others; teaching posts at Columbia University and the Pierpont Morgan Library; and consulting work at The Jewish Museum, The Children’s Museum of Manhattan, and The Heschel School. She is currently Resident Art Historian and Museum Liaison at The Dalton School in New York City. Tallay Ornan (Ph.D. 1998, Tel Aviv University) is the Rodney E. Soher Curator of Western Asiatic Antiquities at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and a Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. She is the author of The Triumph of the Symbol, Pictorial Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Bib- lical Image Ban (2005). Her scholarly work focuses on ancient Near Eastern pictorial representations and their bearing on religious and political issues. book_Feldman.indb x 4-5-2007 13:28:53 list of contributors xi Stephanie Reed is a Ph.D. candidate in Mesopotamian Art and Ar- chaeology at the University of Chicago, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Department. Since 2004, she has been a visiting scholar in the History of Art and Architecture Department at Harvard Uni- versity. She is writing her dissertation on hospitality and gift-exchange in the court reliefs of Persepolis. John Malcolm Russell received his Ph.D. from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1985, working under the supervision of Irene Winter. He teaches the art of the ancient Near East and Egypt at Massachusetts College of Art in Boston. He has written four books and numerous articles, primarily on the subject of Neo-Assyrian art. Ann Shafer is assistant professor in the Performing and Visual Arts Department and Director of the Art Program at the American Uni- versity in Cairo. She holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University in the History of Art & Architecture, an M.A. in Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Archaeology from the University of Chicago, and an M.Arch.