Univerzita Karlova Diplomová práce Ústav obecné lingvistiky Diplomová práce Bc. Jan Židek Tocharian Loanwords in Chinese Tocharské výpůjčky v čínštině Praha 2017 vedoucí Ronald Kim, Ph.D., konzultant doc. Mgr. Lukáš Zádrapa, Ph.D. I would like to express my utmost gratitude towards my thesis supervisor Ronald Kim, Ph.D. and consultant doc. Mgr. Lukáš Zádrapa, Ph.D., I would also like to thank everyone who took care of my academic needs throughout all those years of my university studies, especially Mgr. Jan Bičovský, Ph.D. who made me complete my bachelor studies and Mgr. Jakub Maršálek, Ph.D. who taught me basics of Classical Chinese, essentially pointing me in the direction of this work. I would also like to thank my mother for the material support and Buddha-like patience. Also, I hereby thank all my colleagues and friends who supported me in uncountable ways. Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně, že jsem řádně citoval všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze dne 28.5.2017, ………………………. Abstract This work was created to review the evidence for lexical borrowing from the Tocharian languages to the Chinese languages. The used methodology relies on lexical lists, previous etymological findings, linguistic typology and anthropological input. For preparatory data manipulation, a set of semi- automatic scripts has been created. Presented is a qualitative research based on previous findings assisted by raw data. The outcome of this work should be testable findings which could be extracted to a computer processable form. Abstrakt Tato práce byla vytvořena za účelem revize důkazů lexikálního vypůjčování z tocharských jazyků do jazyků čínských. Užitá metodologie spočívá na lexikálních seznamech, předchozích etymologických zjištěních, lingvistické typologii a antropologických informacích. Pro předzpracování dat byla vytvořena sada poloautomatických skriptů. Předkládán je kvalitativní výzkum založený na předchozích zjištěních, podpořený přímými daty. Výstupem této práce by měla být testovatelná, která lze extrahovat do počítačem zpracovatelné formy. Keywords Tocharian, Chinese, loanwords, historical linguistics, reconstruction Klíčová slova tocharština, čínština, výpůjčky, historická lingvistika, rekonstrukce Index Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Abbreviations and notation conventions .................................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Brief history of the region ...................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Delimitation of Tocharian and Chinese for the purpose of this study .................................... 11 1.3. Tocharian ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.1. Writing system ............................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Phonology ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3. Tocharian (B) morpho-phonology ................................................................................. 13 1.3.4. Indo-European evolution into Tocharian ....................................................................... 14 1.4. Chinese ................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1. Old and Middle Chinese (morpho)phonology ............................................................... 15 1.4.1.1. Old Chinese Phonology .......................................................................................... 15 1.4.1.2. Prefixes ................................................................................................................... 20 1.4.1.3. Suffixes .................................................................................................................. 21 1.4.1.4. Old Chinese Infixation ........................................................................................... 21 1.4.1.5. Tones and togenesis ............................................................................................... 22 1.4.2. Writing system ............................................................................................................... 23 1.4.3. Sino-Tibetan evolution ................................................................................................... 24 2. Method ........................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1. Borrowing as a principle ........................................................................................................ 25 2.1.1. Borrowability scale ........................................................................................................ 25 2.1.2. Segments adaptation ....................................................................................................... 27 2.1.3. Tone adaptation .............................................................................................................. 28 2.2. Source material ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Primary ........................................................................................................................... 28 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.2. Secondary ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2.1. Indo-European loanwords in Chinese .................................................................... 29 2.2.2.2. Previous studies on Tocharian-Chinese language contact ..................................... 30 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.2.3. Tertiary ........................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.3.1. Universals ............................................................................................................... 31 2.2.3.2. Loanword databases ............................................................................................... 32 2.3. Basic rules of theoretical framework ..................................................................................... 32 2.4. Used software ......................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.1. Computer assisted approach ........................................................................................... 34 2.4.2. The scripts ...................................................................................................................... 34 3. Data analysis .................................................................................................................................. 36 3.1. Script input ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2. Script output ........................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1. TB transposed onto Chinese ........................................................................................... 38 3.3. Wordlist (monosyllabics) ....................................................................................................... 39 3.3.1. B ..................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.2. C ..................................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.3. D ..................................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.4. E ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.5. F ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.6. G ..................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.7. J ...................................................................................................................................... 46 3.3.8. K ..................................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.9. L ..................................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.10. M ...................................................................................................................................