Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-411B 15 MAY 1990 ------------------------ SUPERSEDING MIL-HDBK-411A 21 MAY 1971 MILITARY HANDBOOK POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT FOR SENSITIVE DoD ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (GENERAL) VOLUME I ASMC N/A AREA SLHC DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE 1. SCOPE . I-1 1.1 Purpose . I-1 1.2 Applicability . I-1 1.3 Application guidance. I-1 1.4 Safety. I-2 1.4.1 Safe workplace . I-2 1.4.2 Confined spaces . I-2 1.4.3 Electrical/electronic equipment . I-2 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. I-3 2.1 Government documents. I-3 2.1.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. I-3 2.1.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and I-4 publications. I-5 2.2 Other publications. I-7 2.3 Order of precedence . 3. DEFINITIONS . I-8 3.1 Acronyms and abbreviations. I-8 3.2 Terms and definitions . I-9 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. I-16 4.1 Mission requirements definition . I-16 4.1.1 Mission function. I-16 4.1.2 Mission criticality . I-16 4.1.3 Operating organization(s) . I-17 4.1.4 Supporting and supported organizations. I-17 4.1.5 Location and site survey. I-17 4.1.5.1 Geographic and geopolitical considerations, . I-17 4.1.5.2 Local power availability. I-17 4.1.5.3 Building construction . I-17 4.1.5.4 Location. I-18 4.1.6 Equipment requirements. I-18 4.1.6.1 Mission-essential equipment . I-18 4.1.6.2 Mission support equipment . I-18 4.1.6.3 Administrative support equipment. I-18 4.1.6.4 Environmental equipment . I-18 4.1.7 Personnel requirements. I-18 4.1.8 Site-unique requirements. I-19 4.2 Power requirements (general). I-19 4.2.1 Voltage . I-20 4.2.2 Transformers. I-20 4.2.3 Phase . I-20 4.2.4 Frequency . I-24 4.2.5 Current . I-24 4.2.6 Wattage . I-24 4.2.7 Power factor. I-24 4.2.8 Heat dissipation. I-24 ii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS (continued) 4.2.9 Conversions . I-24 4.2.9.1 Wattage . I-24 4.2.9.2 Power factor. I-24 4.2.9.3 Heat dissipation. I-26 4.2.10 Data collection . I-26 4.3 Primary local power characteristics and sources . I-26 4.3.1 U.S. commercial power grid. I-26 4.3.2 U.S. Government-owned and operated power system I-29 4.3.3 Foreign power grid. I-29 4.4 Power disturbances and monitoring . I-31 4.4.1 Lighting . I-31 4.4.2 System-generated disturbances . I-31 4.4.3 Power grid generated disturbances . I-34 4.4.4 Protection techniques and location of devices . I-34 4.4.4.1 Fuses . I-34 4.4.4.2 Circuit breakers. I-35 4.4.4.3 Protective relays . I-35 4.4.4.4 Surge suppressors (arresters) . I-37 4.5 Power conversion, conditioning, and regulation. I-37 4.5.1 Special power considerations for conwnunications and computer-based equipment. I-39 4.5.2 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS). I-39 4.5.2.1 Rotary UPS. I-43 4.5.2.2 Solid state UPS . I-43 4.5.2.3 No-break generators . I-46 4.5.2.4 UPS bypass. I-46 4.5.3 Voltage regulation. I-46 4.5.4 Power isolation . I-46 4.5.4.1 Isolation transformers. I-47 4.5.4.2 Power filters . I-47 4.5.4.3 Power filter bypass . I-47 4.6 Power distribution. I-47 4.6.1 Circuit breakers and distribution panels. I-48 4.6.2 Special applications for fuses. I-48 4.6.3 Ground-fault circuit interrupters . I-48 4.6.4 Distribution transformers . , . I-51 4.6.5 Electric motor control and protection . I-51 4.7 Power system grounding. I-51 4.8 Power system monitoring and control . I-53 4.8.1 Transfer switching. I-53 4.8.2 Automatic transfer switches . I-53 4.9 Auxiliary power systems . I-53 4.9.1 Engine generators . I-53 4.9.2 Motor generators. I-55 4.9.3 Integration of auxiliary power systems. I-55 4.9.4 Location. I-55 4.9.5 Fuel types and storage. I-55 iii Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS (continued) 4.9.6 Auxiliary power system quality. I-56 4.9.7 Auxiliary power system monitoring and control . I-56 4.9.8 Energy conservation methods . I-57 4.9.9 Cogeneration. I-57 4.10 Alternative power systems . I-59 4.10.1 Solar power. I-59 4.10.2 Renewable alternate fuels . I-59 4.10.3 Fuel cells. I-60 4.10.4 Wind energy conversion. I-60 4.10.5 Small nuclear reactors. I-60 4.11 Direct current (dc) power systems . I-62 4.11.1 Rectifier/chargers. I-62 4.11.2 Batteries . I-62 4.11.2.1 Sizing. I-62 4.11.2.2 Battery room considerations . I-64 4.11.2.2.1 Weight. I-64 4.11.2.2.2 Racks. I-64 4.11.2.2.3 Seismic concerns. I-64 4.11.2.2.4 Ventilation/hazardous gas control . I-64 4.11.3 Battery safety. I-64 4.11.4 Overvoltage protection for direct current (dc) sources . I-66 4.12 Power system upgrade planning . I-66 4.13 Environmental considerations. I-66 4.13.1 Fundamentals of environmental control . I-66 4.13.1.1 Temperature . I-66 4.13.1.2 Humidity. I-67 4.13.1.3 Atmospheric air . I-67 4.13.1.4 Pressure. I-69 4.13.1.5 Psychometrics and the psychometric chart. I-69 4.13.1.6 Personal comfort and health . I-69 4.13.1.6.1 Indoor air quality (IAQ) and pollution control . I-69 4.13.1.6.2 Temperature, humidity, noise, and other factors . I-73 4.13.1.7 Heat. I-73 4.13.1.7.1 Types of heat . I-73 4.13.1.7.2 Heat transfer. I-73 4.13.1.7.3 Heat measurement. I-76 4.13.2 Site survey environmental factors . I-77 4.13.2.1 Climate . I-77 4.13.2.2 Geographical features . I-77 4.13.2.3 Site resources. I-77 4.13.2.4 Local utilities . I-77 4.13.2.5 Local support activities. I-77 4.13.3 Building construction and design conditions . I-77 4.13.3.1 Heat transfer properties. I-77 iv Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS (continued) 4.13.3.2 Practical calculations and design conditions. I-77 4.13.4 Environmental equipment and systems . I-81 4.13.4.1 Heating . I-81 4.13.4.1.1 Forced-air systems. I-81 4.13.4.1.2 Hot water systems . I-82 4.13.4.1.3 Steam systems . I-82 4.13.4.1.4 Radiant panel systems . I-82 4.13.5.1.5 Supplemental heating systems. I-82 4.13.4.2 Ventilating . I-82 4.13.4.2.1 Ventilation standards . I-82 4.13.4.2.2 Natural ventilation . I-83 4.13.4.2.3 Mechanical ventilation. I-83 4.13.4.2.4 Fans. I-83 4.13.4.2.5 Distribution of ventilation and conditioned air . I-83 4.13.4.3 Cooling . I-83 4.13.4.3.1 Types of cooling equipment. I-85 4.13.4.3.2 Special cooling equipment considerations. I-85 4.13.4.4 Humidity level control. I-85 4.13.4.4.1 Humidification. I-85 4.13.4.4.2 Dehumidification. I-85 4.13.4.4.3 Special humidity considerations . I-86 4.13.4.5 Lighting. I-86 4.13.4.5.1 Lighting terms, symbols, and units........ I-86 4.13.4.5.2 Luminous flux . I-87 4.13.4.5.3 Coefficient of utilization. I-87 4.13.4.5.4 Human vision and brightness considerations. I-88 4.13.4.5.5 Physical factors of seeing. I-88 4.13.4.5.6 Lighting controls . I-90 4.13.4.5.7 Lighting innovations. I-92 4.13.4.6 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) control . I-95 4.13.4.7 Water supply and water treatment. I-95 4.13.4.7.1 Water sources and usage . I-95 4.13.4.7.2 Water quality standards and treatment . I-95 4.13.4.7.3 Water distribution and storage. I-98 4.13.4.7.4 Waste water treatment . I-98 4.13.4.7.5 Domestic hot water service. I-98 4.13.5 Special environmental considerations for communication and computer-based equipment. I-98 4.13.6 Environmental systems monitoring and control. I-100 4.13.6.1 HVAC control. I-101 4.13.6.2 Microprocessor control of HVAC systems. I-101 4.13.6.3 Direct digital control. I-101 Control systems configuration . I-103 4.13.6.5 Effects of duct design on control systems . I-103 4.13.6.6 Integrated building automation systems.