IMPACT OF KARAKORAM HIGHWAY ON THE SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN By Salman Anwar AREA STUDY CENTRE (RUSSIA, CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA) UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN May, 2017 i IMPACT OF KARAKORAM HIGHWAY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF GILGIT- BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN By Salman Anwar A dissertation submitted to the University of Peshawar, Pakistan in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 2017 ii AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Impact of Karakoram Highway on the Socic-Economic Development of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan” is my own work and has not been submitted to previously by me for taking any degree from the University of Peshawar or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation the University has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. By Salman Anwar 31/05/2017 iii PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING I solemnly declare that the research work presented in the thesis titled “Impact of Karakoram Highway on the Socio-Economic Development of Gilgit- Baltistan, Pakistan” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero- tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore, I, as author of above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly refered/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of Ph,D., degree, the University reserves the right to withdraw/revoke my Ph.D., degree and that HEC and the University has the to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/ Author signature________________________ Name: Salman Anwar iv CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, titled “Impact of Karakoram Highway on the Socio-Economic Development of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan” was conducted by Mr. Salman Anwar under the supervision of Dr. Atta-ur- Rahman. This thesis is submitted, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy in the field of Pakistan Study to Area Study Centre, (Russia, China & Central Asia) University of Peshawar. Student Name: Salman Anwar Signature: ____________________ Examination committee External Evaluater/Examiner: Signature: ____________________ Dr. Saranjam Baig Head of Department & Assistant Professor Department of Economics Karakoram International University, Gilgit External Examiner: Signature: ___________________ Dr: Kamran Azam Head of Department Leadership and Managemant Studies (LMS) Faculty of Contemporary Studies (FCS) Iqbal Campus, National Defence University, E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan Internal Examiner: Signature:___________________ Dr. Samiullah Assistant Professor of Regional Geography Department of Geography, University of Peshawar Supervisor Name: Dr: Atta-ur-Rahman Signature:____________________ Associate Professor Department of Geography, Universsity of Peshawar Director: Dr: Shabir Ahmad Khan Signature:____________________ v DEDICATED To MY LOVING PARENTS & HONOURABLE TEACHERS vi TABLE OF CONTENT AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ........................................................... III PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING ....................................................... IV CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ....................................................... V DEDICATED ...................................................................................... VI TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................... XI ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... XIII LIST OF ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS .................................. XVI LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................... XXI LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................... XXIII SECTION -1 .......................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER -1......................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 2 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 5 1.3 THESIS STRUCTURE ..................................................................... 5 SECTION -2 .......................................................................................... 7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .... 7 CHAPTER -2......................................................................................... 8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .... 8 2.1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 8 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 9 2.3 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF KARAKORAM HIGHWAY ....... 11 2.4 EXPANSION PROJECTS OF KARAKORAM HIGHWAY ................... 13 2.5 POPULATION AND AGRICULTURE .............................................. 14 2.6 EDUCATION AND HEALTH ......................................................... 17 2.7 TRADE AND TOURISM ............................................................... 19 2.8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 23 SECTION -3 ........................................................................................ 24 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 24 CHAPTER -3....................................................................................... 25 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 25 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 25 3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................. 25 3.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES ........................................................... 25 3.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ........................................................... 25 vii 3.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................ 26 3.6 RESEARCH VARIABLES ............................................................. 26 3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS..................... 28 3.7.1 Sample Selection .......................................................................................................... 28 3.7.2 Sample Size .................................................................................................................. 29 3.7.3 Tabulation .................................................................................................................... 29 3.7.4 Presentation .................................................................................................................. 29 3.7.5 Interpretation and explanation of data ........................................................................ 30 3.8 CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 30 CHAPTER -4....................................................................................... 31 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA ............... 31 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 31 4.2 LOCATION OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN ............................................. 31 4.3 HISTORY OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................ 31 4.4 CURRENT STATUS OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN REGION ................... 35 4.5 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN ....................... 36 4.6 SOIL OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN ............................................. 37 4.7 CLIMATE OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN .................................... 38 4.8 KKH AND CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) ..... 43 4.9 CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 45 SECTION – 4 ...................................................................................... 46 ANALYSIS, RESULTS & DISCUSSION .......................................... 46 CHAPTER -5....................................................................................... 47 IMPACT OF KKH ON POPULATION ............................................. 47 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 47 5.2 POPULATION STRUCTURE AND GROWTH .................................. 47 5.3 DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF POPULATION .......................... 51 5.4 POPULATION AND KKH ............................................................. 55 5.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 56 CHAPTER -6....................................................................................... 57 IMPACT OF KKH ON LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE ............ 57 6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 57 6.2 IMPACT OF KKH