Ê «>ÊÌ -/," "9ÊÊ Ê -/,"*9- - #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES $IBQUFS5JUMF JJJ Ê «>ÊÌ -/," "9Ê Ê -/,"*9- - +ENNETH2,ANG #HRONOLOGYAND'LOSSARYWITH$ATA4ABLES +ENNETH2,ANG $EPARTMENTOF0HYSICSAND!STRONOMY 2OBINSON(ALL 4UFTS5NIVERSITY -EDFORD -! 53! KENLANG TUFTSEDU $PWFSJMMVTUSBUJPO4HE#RAB.EBULASUPERNOVAREMNANT-OR.'# ISANEXPANDINGCLOUDOFINTER STELLARGASTHATWASEJECTEDBYTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSIONOFAMASSIVESTAR ABOUTSOLARMASSES IN!$ 4HElLAMENTARYGASESAREEXPANDINGATAVELOCITYOFMILLIONMETERSPERSECOND4HERED YELLOWWISPSOF GASSHINEPRIMARILYINTHELIGHTOFHYDROGEN WHILETHEBLUE WHITELIGHTISTHENON THERMALRADIATIONOFHIGH SPEEDELECTRONSSPIRALINGINMAGNETIClELDS4HESOUTH WESTERNMOSTBOTTOM RIGHT OFTHETWOCENTRALSTARS ISTHEREMNANTNEUTRONSTAROFTHESUPERNOVAEXPLOSION ANDARADIOPULSARWITHAPERIODOFSECONDS 4HISFAMOUSSUPERNOVAREMNANTISALSOASOURCEOFINTENSEEMISSIONATRADIOAND8 RAYWAVELENGTHS#OUR TESYOF2UDOLPH3CHILD (ARVARD 3MITHSONIAN#ENTERFOR!STROPHYSICS ,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ONTROL.UMBER )3". E )3". )3". 0RINTEDONACID FREEPAPER Ú3PRINGER3CIENCE "USINESS-EDIA ,,# !LLRIGHTSRESERVED4HISWORKMAYNOTBETRANSLATEDORCOPIEDINWHOLEORINPARTWITHOUTTHEWRITTENPER MISSIONOFTHEPUBLISHER3PRINGER3CIENCE "USINESS-EDIA ,,# 3PRING3TREET .EW9ORK .9 53! EXCEPTFORBRIEFEXCERPTSINCONNECTIONWITHREVIEWSORSCHOLARLYANALYSIS5SEINCONNECTIONWITHANY FORMOFINFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ELECTRONICADAPTATION COMPUTERSOFTWARE ORBYSIMILARORDIS SIMILARMETHODOLOGYNOWKNOWNORHEREAFTERDEVELOPEDISFORBIDDEN4HEUSEINTHISPUBLICATIONOFTRADE NAMES TRADEMARKS SERVICEMARKS ANDSIMILARTERMS EVENIFTHEYARENOTIDENTIlEDASSUCH ISNOTTOBETAKEN ASANEXPRESSIONOFOPINIONASTOWHETHERORNOTTHEYARESUBJECTTOPROPRIETARYRIGHTS 0RINTEDIN3INGAPORE !PEX+9/ SPRINGERCOM $%$)#!!02/66)$%.:! 13&'"$& " $PNQBOJPO UP "TUSPOPNZ BOE "TUSPQIZTJDT JT B DPNQSFIFOTJWF GVOEBNFOUBM VQ UPEBUFSFGFSFODFCPPL*UJTêMMFEXJUIWJUBMJOGPSNBUJPOBOE CBTJDGBDUTGPSBNBUFVS BTUSPOPNFSTBOEQSPGFTTJPOBMBTUSPQIZTJDJTUT BOEGPSBOZPOFJOUFSFTUFEJOUIF6OJWFSTF GSPNUIF&BSUIBOEPUIFSQMBOFUTUPUIFTUBST HBMBYJFTBOECFZPOE"MUIPVHITFSJPVT BOEUIPSPVHI UIFMBOHVBHFBOEJEFBTXJMMBUUSBDUUIFHFOFSBMSFBEFS BTXFMMBTTUVEFOUT BOEQSPGFTTJPOBMT "$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTDPOTJTUTPGUXPNBJOQBSUT B$ISP OPMPHZBOEB(MPTTBSZѮF$ISPOPMPHZJTBDPODJTFIJTUPSZ BSSBOHFEDISPOPMPHJDBMMZ XIJDIQSPWJEFTUIFDPNQMFUFTUPSZPGDPTNJDEJTDPWFSZGSPNFBSMZ$IJOFTFBOE(SFFL BTUSPOPNZUPUIFMBUFTUêOEJOHTPGNPEFSOBTUSPQIZTJDTBOESPCPUJDTQBDFDSBѫ*UQSP WJEFTBTFOTFPGEFTUJOBUJPOBOEëPXJOPVSHSPXJOHBXBSFOFTTPGUIF6OJWFSTF&BDI FOUSZJOUIFVOGPMEJOHOBSSBUJWFJTXSJUUFOJOBDPODJTF MJHIUBOEGSJFOEMZTUZMFUIBUXJMM CFBQQSFDJBUFECZBMM XJUIPVUCFJOHXFJHIUFEEPXOXJUIJODPNQSFIFOTJCMFTQFDJBM J[FEUFSNT"OEUIFSFBEFSDBOFJUIFSUSBDFPVUPVSIJTUPSJDBMKPVSOFZPGSFBMJ[BUJPO PS TBNQMFUIFFOUSJFTBUSBOEPN EJQQJOHJOBOEPVUPGUIFGBTDJOBUJOHJEFBTBOEêOEJOHT ѮFTUPSZMJOFPGTDJFODFJTPOFPGJOEJWJEVBMT BTXFMMBTEJTDPWFSJFTBOEJEFBT 4PPVS$ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFQFPQMFXIPIBWFNBEFNBKPSTDJFOUJêDDPOUSJCVUJPOT UIBUBSFSFMBUFEUPBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT/PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTGPSBMMUIFSFMFWBOU EJTDPWFSJFTBSFBMTPJODMVEFE JOUIFZFBSPGUIFBXBSE ѮF$ISPOPMPHZBMTPDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHTTFMFDUFEUPEFNPOTUSBUFBLFZEJTDPW FSZ JODMVEJOHUIFBCVOEBODFBOEPSJHJOPGUIFFMFNFOUTJOUIF4VO BOOVBMQBSBMMBY UIFCMBDLCPEZSBEJBUJPOTQFDUSVN UIF#PISBUPN EBSLNBUUFSBSPVOEBTQJSBMHBMBYZ UIFFMFDUSPNBHOFUJDTQFDUSVN HMPCVMBSDMVTUFSTBOEUIFFYUFOUPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ (SFBU 8BMMTPGHBMBYJFT UIF)FSU[TQSVOH3VTTFMMEJBHSBN UIF)VCCMFEJBHSBNmPSJHJOBMBOE SFDFOU UIFNBTTMVNJOPTJUZSFMBUJPOPGTUBST QSFDFTTJPOPG.FSDVSZTQFSJIFMJPO UIF QSPUPOQSPUPODIBJO SFUSPHSBEFQMBOFUBSZMPPQT UIF3PDIFMJNJU TQBDFDVSWBUVSF BOE ѮPNBT8SJHIUTNPEFMPGUIF.JMLZ8BZ ѮF(MPTTBSZEFêOFTBMMUFSNTBOEBDSPOZNTUIBUEFBMXJUIPVSDFMFTUJBMTDJFODF GSPNJNQPSUBOUDPODFQUTUPJOEJWJEVBMPCKFDUTPSPCTFSWBUPSJFTBOETQBDFNJTTJPOT*U JTBSSBOHFEBMQIBCFUJDBMMZBOEDPNQMFNFOUFECZOVNFSPVTUBCMFTPGGVOEBNFOUBMEBUB -JOFESBXJOHTBSFBMTPVTFEUPGPSDFGVMMZDPNQBDUBTDJFOUJêDJOTJHIU XJUIDMFBSMBCFMT BOEDBQUJPOT *OEJWJEVBMOBNFTBSFOPUHJWFOJOUIF(MPTTBSZ CVUUIFSFBEFSDBOVTFUIF"VUIPS*OEFY UPêOEUIFJSTJHOJêDBOUDPOUSJCVUJPOJOUIF$ISPOPMPHZѮFFYDFQUJPOBMMZUIPSPVHI4VC KFDU*OEFYDSPTTSFGFSFODFTDPODFQUT EJTDPWFSJFT JEFBT QFPQMF IJTUPSZBOEUJNFJOCPUIUIF WJJJ 1SFGBDF $ISPOPMPHZBOE(MPTTBSZѮFDPNCJOFESFTVMUJTBVOJRVF DPNQSFIFOTJWF TUBOEBMPOFSFG FSFODFWPMVNFJOXIJDIUIFSFBEFSDBORVJDLMZMPDBUFJOGPSNBUJPO XIJMFBMTPEJTDPWFSJOH OFXBOEVOFYQFDUFELOPXMFEHF"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDTJTUIFSFGPSF BOJOEJTQFOTBCMFCPPLGPSBOZMJCSBSZBOEBMMQFSTPOTJOUFSFTUFEJOBTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZT JDT BTXFMMBTUIFSFMBUFEêFMETPGDPTNPMPHZ HFPMPHZBOEQIZTJDT "TUSPOPNZJTUIFPMEFTUPGBMMTDJFODFT XJUIPSJHJOTEBUJOHCBDLBUMFBTUTFWFSBM UIPVTBOEZFBSTѮF$ISPOPMPHZUIFSFGPSFCFHJOTXJUIFBSMZBTUSPOPNZGSPN$IJOBUP *OEJB BOEDPOUJOVFTXJUIUIFBODJFOU(SFFLTѮFXPSEBTUSPOPNZDPNFTGSPNUXP (SFFLXPSET BTUSPO NFBOJOHiTUBSu BOEOPNPT GPSiMBXu4PPVSDPODJTFIJTUPSJDBM $ISPOPMPHZJODMVEFTUIFEJTDPWFSJFTPGUIFMBXTPGQIZTJDTUIBUIFMQEFTDSJCFUIFFOFSHZ JOHSFEJFOUT NBHOFUJTN NPUJPO PSJHJOBOEEFTUJOZPGDPTNJDPCKFDUTѮFTFEFWFMPQ NFOUTJODMVEFUIFRVBOUVNUIFPSZPGUIFWFSZTNBMM XJUIJUTFYDMVTJPOBOEVODFSUBJOUZ QSJODJQMFT BUPNJDTUSVDUVSFBOETVCBUPNJDQBSUJDMFT FMFDUSPNBHOFUJDSBEJBUJPOBOE UIFTQFFEPGMJHIU BOEUIFTQFDJBMBOEHFOFSBMUIFPSJFTPGSFMBUJWJUZ .BKPSTDJFOUJê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ѫ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ѫIBWFQMBZFEBOJNQPSUBOUSPMFJOBTUSPOPNJDBMEJTDPWFSZJOSFDFOU EFDBEFT.FOXFSFTFOUUPUIF.PPO IFMQJOHVTVOEFSTUBOEJUTPSJHJOBOEFWPMV UJPO4QBDFDSBѫIBWFUSBWFMFEUISPVHIPVUUIF4PMBS4ZTUFN PCUBJOJOHDMPTFVQWJFXT UIBUIBWFDIBOHFEUIFQMBOFUTGSPNNPWJOHQPJOUTPGMJHIUUPGBTDJOBUJOHXPSMETBOE USBOTGPSNFEUIFJSTBUFMMJUFTJOUPVOJRVFPCKFDUTXJUIDPNQMFYBOEEJTQBSBUFTVSGBDFT 3PCPUTQBDFDSBѫIBWFMBOEFEPO.BSTBOE7FOVT BOEQSPCFTIBWFCFFOESPQQFE JOUPUIFBUNPTQIFSFTPG+VQJUFSBOE4BUVSOTMBSHFTUTBUFMMJUF 5JUBO4QBDFDSBѫIBWF BMTPPCUBJOFEJNBHFTPGUIFJDZOVDMFVTPGUISFFDPNFUTBOETDSVUJOJ[FEUIFCBUUFSFE CSPLFOTVSGBDFTPGTFWFSBMBTUFSPJET ѮF)VCCMF4QBDF5FMFTDPQFIBTCFFOMPѫFEBCPWFUIF&BSUITPCTDVSJOHBUNP TQIFSFUPWJFXDPTNJDPCKFDUTJOWJTJCMFMJHIUXJUIBDMBSJUZOFWFSBDIJFWFECFGPSF 9SBZUFMFTDPQFTIBWFTJNJMBSMZCFFOQSPQFMMFEJOUPTQBDF êSTUJOSPDLFUTBOEUIFO BCPBSEMPOHMJWFETBUFMMJUFTѮFZIBWFPQFOFEBOFXXJOEPXUPUIFQSFWJPVTMZVOLOPXO XPSMETPGNJMMJPOEFHSFFHBTFT CMBDLIPMFTBOEIPUNBUUFSIJEEFOJOUIFTQBDFCFUXFFO HBMBYJFT$PTNJDHBNNBSBZTIBWFBMTPCFFOEFUFDUFEVTJOHTQBDFCPSOFJOTUSVNFOUT 1SFGBDF JY JODMVEJOHHBNNBSBZCVSTUTUIBUCSJFëZFNJUNPSFFOFSHZUIBOUIFSFTUPGUIF6OJWFSTF DPNCJOFE .PSFSFDFOUMZ TVCTUBOUJBMBNPVOUTPGEBSLNBUUFSIBWFCFFOJOGFSSFEGSPNSBQJE NPUJPOTPGTUBSTPSHBMBYJFT PVUXFJHIJOHBMMPGUIFTFTIJOJOHWJTJCMFPCKFDUT.ZTUFSJPVT EBSLFOFSHZIBTBMTPCFFOGPVOE êMMJOHBQQBSFOUMZFNQUZTQBDF4DJFOUJTUTIBWFFWFO TQFDVMBUFEUIBUFWFSZUIJOHJOUIFPCTFSWBCMF6OJWFSTFDPVMEIBWFPSJHJOBUFEGSPNUIF OPUIJOHOFTTPGTQBDF EVSJOHBSBQJEHSPXUITQVSU PSJOëBUJPO TPPOBѫFSUIF#JH#BOH PSCZBIPTUPGNJDSPTDPQJD PTDJMMBUJOHTUSJOHTBUFBSMJFSUJNFTDMPTFSUPUIF#JH#BOH ѮF(MPTTBSZQSPWJEFTBOBMQIBCFUJDBMMJTUJOHPGUIFUFSNT OBNFTBOEBDSPOZNTSFM FWBOUUP"$PNQBOJPOUP"TUSPOPNZBOE"TUSPQIZTJDT BMPOHXJUIBEJTDVTTJPOPGUIFJS NFBOJOHTBOEBQQMJDBUJPOT)FSFUIFSFBEFSDBOêOEUIBUMPOHGPSHPUUFO EFêOJUJPO UPHFUIFSXJUIBOJOUSPEVDUPSZCBDLHSPVOEUPUIFDPODFQU*OGPSNBUJWFUBCMFTBDDPNQBOZ UIF(MPTTBSZ TPNFPGUIFNDSFBUFEGPSUIJTCPPLBOEPUIFSTFYUSBDUFEGSPNUIFBVUIPST XJEFMZVTFESFGFSFODFCPPLT "TUSPQIZTJDBM'PSNVMBF* **BOE"TUSPQIZTJDBM%BUB QVC MJTIFECZ4QSJOHFS ѮFTFUBCMFTJODMVEFUIFBUNPTQIFSFT FTDBQFWFMPDJUJFT NBHOFUJDê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ëBSFT TUFMMBSDMBTTJêDBUJPO BOEUIF4VO5BCMFTPGCSJHIUDFMFTUJBM PCKFDUTBSFBMTPJODMVEFEJOUIF(MPTTBSZ QSPWJEJOHQIZTJDBMQBSBNFUFSTBOEUIFDFMFTUJBM DPPSEJOBUFTSFRVJSFEUPPCTFSWFUIFNѮFZJODMVEFUIFDPOTUFMMBUJPOT UIFCSJHIUFTUHBM BYJFT FNJTTJPOOFCVMBF UIF-PDBM(SPVQPGHBMBYJFT UIF.FTTJFSPCKFDUT QMBOFUBSZOFCV MBF UIFCSJHIUFTUTUBST UIFOFBSFTUTUBST TVQFSOPWBF BOETVQFSOPWBSFNOBOUT0UIFS UBCMFTJODMVEFTQBDFNJTTJPOTCZ/"4" &4"BOE*4"4 /PCFM1SJ[FXJOOFSTSFMBUFEUP BTUSPOPNZBOEBTUSPQIZTJDT BOEUIFNBKPSPQUJDBM PSWJTJCMFMJHIU UFMFTDPQFT ѮF(MPTTBSZBEEJUJPOBMMZDPOUBJOTMJOFESBXJOHT DBSFGVMMZTFMFDUFEUPDPOWFZBO JEFB JODMVEJOH UIF BTUFSPJE CFMU CSFNTTUSBIMVOH DPNFUT m BOBUPNZBOEUSBKFDUPSZ XJUIUBJMT DPSPOBHSBQI UIF&BSUITMBZFSFEBUNPTQIFSF BOFMMJQTF *PTJOUFSBDUJPOXJUI +VQJUFS BOJOUFSGFSPNFUFS +VQJUFSTXJOET