Color formulation algorithms improvement through expert knowledge integration for automotive effect paints Amélie Périssé To cite this version: Amélie Périssé. Color formulation algorithms improvement through expert knowledge integration for automotive effect paints. Chemical engineering. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 2020. English. NNT : 2020PAUU3025. tel-03125685 HAL Id: tel-03125685 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03125685 Submitted on 29 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. 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THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Université de Pau et Pays de l’Adour École doctorale Sciences Exactes et leurs Applications 211 Spécialité : Chimie Par Amélie PÉRISSÉ COLOR FORMULATION ALGORITHMS IMPROVEMENT THROUGH EXPERT KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE EFFECT PAINTS Amélioration des algorithmes de contretypage de teintes via l’intégration de connaissances expertes pour les peintures automobiles à effets Thèse CIFRE avec BASF France division Coatings Directrice de thèse Dominique LAFON-PHAM (IMT Mines Alès) Encadrant de thèse Belkacem OTAZAGHINE (IMT Mines Alès) Tuteur industriel Marion L’AOT Version : 29 Novembre 2019 PhD THESIS Université de Pau et Pays de l’Adour Doctoral school of exact sciences and their applications 211 Specialization: Chemistry By Amelie PERISSE COLOR FORMULATION ALGORITHMS IMPROVEMENT THROUGH EXPERT KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE EFFECT PAINTS Amélioration des algorithmes de contretypage de teintes via l’intégration de connaissances expertes pour les peintures automobiles à effets CIFRE PhD thesis with BASF France division Coatings Thesis director Dominique LAFON-PHAM (IMT Mines Alès) PhD supervisor Belkacem OTAZAGHINE (IMT Mines Alès) Industrial supervisor Marion L’AOT Version: November 29, 2019 Contents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. THESIS ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2. FROM LIGHT TO COLOR ............................................................................................ 7 2.1. LIGHT SOURCE ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1. Visible spectrum ..................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Light sources .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Light: wave-particle duality ................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.1. Quantum approach ...................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.2. Wave approach ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2. LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTIONS ........................................................................................ 12 2.2.1. Light processes .................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1.1. Reflection and reflectance ........................................................................................... 13 2.2.1.2. Refraction .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1.3. Absorption and absorbance ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.1.4. Interference of light ...................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2. Scattering and diffraction ...................................................................................... 15 2.2.2.1. Light scattering by a particle ........................................................................................ 15 2.2.2.1.1. Mie theory ............................................................................................................ 16 2.2.2.1.2. Rayleigh theory .................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2.2. Light scattering by a group of particles ........................................................................ 17 2.2.2.3. The Kubelka-Munk theory ........................................................................................... 18 2.3. HUMAN COLOR VISION .................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1. Anatomy of the eye............................................................................................... 23 2.3.1.1. The cornea .................................................................................................................. 24 2.3.1.2. The iris and the pupil ................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1.3. The lens ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1.4. The retina .................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1.5. The optic nerve............................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2. Structure of the retina ........................................................................................... 25 2.3.2.1. Pigmented cells ........................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.2. Rods and cones .......................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.3. Bipolar cells ................................................................................................................. 27 2.3.2.4. Horizontal cells ............................................................................................................ 27 2.3.2.5. Ganglion cells .............................................................................................................. 28 2.3.3. Visual phototransduction ...................................................................................... 28 2.3.4. The visual pathway ............................................................................................... 30 2.3.4.1. The optic chiasma ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.4.2. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) .......................................................................... 31 2.3.4.3. From the LGN to color perception ............................................................................... 32 2.3.5. Visual adaptation to the environment ................................................................... 33 2.3.6. Human visual acuity ............................................................................................. 35 2.4. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 37 I Contents CHAPTER 3. COLOR MEASUREMENT .......................................................................................... 39 3.1. STANDARDIZATION OF LIGHT SOURCES ............................................................................ 40 3.1.1. Photometry ........................................................................................................... 40 3.1.2. CIE illuminants ...................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2.1. CIE standard illuminants .............................................................................................. 41 3.1.2.2. CIE illuminants ............................................................................................................. 42 3.2. BASIC COLORIMETRY ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2.1. The CIE 1931 2° Standard Colorimetric Observer ............................................... 43 3.2.1.1. RGB system ................................................................................................................ 43 3.2.1.2. XYZ system ................................................................................................................. 44 3.2.2. The CIE 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observer .................................................... 46 3.3. ADVANCED COLORIMETRY .............................................................................................. 48 3.3.1. Noticeable color differences ................................................................................. 48 3.3.1.1. Luminance differences ...............................................................................................