ONAGRACEAE 525 Oe. parviflora Linnaeus var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fernald – C, F; = Oe. parviflora ssp. parviflora var. oakesiana (A. Gray) Fernald – X] Oenothera parviflora Linnaeus, Small-flowered Evening-primrose. Mt, Pd (NC, VA), Cp (NC, SC, VA): fields, disturbed areas; uncommon. May-September. Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to NC, TN, KY, and MO. Reported for GA (GANHP). [= RAB, G, K, W, Z; > Oe. parviflora var. parviflora – C, F; > Oe. parviflora var. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Wiegand – F; > Oe. parviflora ssp. parviflora var. parviflora – X; > Oe. parviflora ssp. angustissima (R.R. Gates) Munz – X] Oenothera perennis Linnaeus, Little Sundrops. Mt (NC, SC, VA), Pd (NC, VA), Cp (VA): bogs, sphagnous seeps; uncommon (rare south of VA) (NC Rare, SC Rare). May-August. Nova Scotia west to Manitoba, south to w. NC, nw. SC, KY, and MO. [= RAB, C, G, K, W, X; > Oe. perennis var. perennis – F; = Kneiffia perennis (Linnaeus) Pennell – S] Oenothera pilosella Rafinesque, Midwestern Evening-primrose. Mt, Pd, Cp (VA): disturbed areas; rare. NH west to Ontario, south to s. VA, KY, n. AL, c. MS, and c. LA. Oe. sessilis (Pennell) Munz, treated by Straley (1977) as Oe. pilosella ssp. sessilis (Pennell) Straley, seems sufficiently distinct to be recognized as a species; it is restricted to Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. [= F, G, X; = Oe. pilosella ssp. pilosella – C, K, V; > Kneiffia pratensis Small – S; = Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus var. hirsuta Nuttall ex Torrey & A. Gray] Oenothera riparia Nuttall, Riverbank Evening-primrose. Cp (NC, SC): tidal marshes; rare (NC Rare). June-July. Se. VA (?) south to se. NC and e. SC. Distinct from Oe. fruticosa. Present in the freshwater tidal portions of the Waccamaw, Northeast Cape Fear, Black, Greater Pee Dee, and Cape Fear (?) rivers. [< Oe. fruticosa – RAB; < Oe. fruticosa ssp. fruticosa – K, V; = Kneiffia riparia (Nuttall) Small – S; = Oe. tetragona Roth ssp. glauca (Michaux) Munz var. riparia (Nuttall) Munz – X] * Oenothera speciosa Nuttall, White Evening-primrose. Cp, Pd, Mt (GA, NC, SC, VA): roadsides and fields, also cultivated as an ornamental; common (rare in Mountains), introduced from further west. May-August. [= RAB, C, F, G, K, W, X; = Hartmannia speciosa (Nuttall) Small – S] Oenothera tetragona Roth var. brevistipata (Pennell) Munz. Mt, Pd (GA, NC, SC, VA), Cp (VA): dry forests and woodlands, roadsides; common. May-August. SC and KY, south to GA and MS. Should perhaps be considered more closely related to Oe. fruticosa (where placed in synonymy by Straley), if it is determined to be valid. [= G; < Oe. tetragona – RAB, C; < Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus ssp. fruticosa – H, K, V, W; = Kneiffia brevistipata Pennell – S; = Oe. tetragona ssp. tetragona var. brevistipata – X] Oenothera tetragona Roth var. fraseri (Pursh) Munz, Appalachian Sundrops. Mt (GA, NC, SC, VA), Pd (NC, SC, VA), Cp (VA): dry to moist forests and woodlands, roadsides; common. May-August. NY and PA, south to nw. SC and n. GA. This is the more montane and high elevation variant of Oe. tetragona. [= F, G, X; < Oe. tetragona – RAB, C; > Oe. tetragona var. hybrida (Michaux) Fernald – F; > Oe. tetragona var. latifolia (Rydberg) Fernald – F; < Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus ssp. glauca (Michaux) Straley – H, K, V, W; > Kneiffia glauca (Michaux) Spach – S; > Kneiffia hybrida (Michaux) Small – S; > Kneiffia latifolia Rydberg – S; = Oe. tetragona ssp. glauca var. glauca – X] Oenothera tetragona Roth var. tetragona, Northern Sundrops. Mt, Pd (NC, SC, VA), Cp (VA): dry forests and woodlands, roadsides; common. May-August. Newfoundland west to MI, south to e. VA and MO. [= F; < Oe. tetragona – RAB, C; < Oe. tetragona var. tetragona – G; < Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus ssp. glauca (Michaux) Straley – H, K, V, W; = Kneiffia tetragona (Roth) Pennell – S; = Oe. tetragona ssp. tetragona var. tetragona – X] Oenothera tetragona Roth var. velutina (Pennell) Munz. Cp (VA): dry sandy soils. Se. NY (Long Island) south to se. VA. Should perhaps be considered more closely related to Oe. fruticosa (where placed in synonymy by Straley), if it is determined to be valid. [= F, G; < Oe. tetragona – RAB, C; < Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus ssp. fruticosa – H, K, V, W; = Kneiffia velutina Pennell – S; = Oe. tetragona ssp. tetragona var. velutina – X] Oenothera triloba Nuttall, Stemless Evening-primrose. Mt (GA, VA): limestone glades, {habitat not known in VA}; rare, perhaps only introduced, though native into eastern KY and TN (GA Watch List). [= C, F, G, H, K, X; = Lavauxia triloba (Nuttall) Spach – S] * Oenothera villosa Thunberg ssp. villosa. Mt, Pd (VA): disturbed areas; uncommon, apparently naturalized in our area from an original distribution in the Great Plains. [= K, Z; ? Oe. strigosa (Rydberg) Mackenzie & Bush – G; ? Oe. biennis var. canescens Torrey & A. Gray – C, F; ? Oe. strigosa (Rydberg) Mackenzie & Bush ssp. canovirens (Steele) Munz – X] * Oenothera clelandii W. Dietrich, Raven, & W.L. Wagner. Reported for SC (Kartesz 1999). {investigate} Centered in IL and WI, ranging east, probably mostly as introductions, to NJ, WV, KY. [= C, K, Y; < Oe. rhombipetala, misapplied] Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttall ssp. macrocarpa, Wingfruit Evening-primrose, occurs as a disjunct in c. TN. [= K; < Oe. missouriensis Sims – F; < Oe. macrocarpa Nuttall – C, G; = Oe. missouriensis Sims var. missouriensis – X; ? Megapterium missouriense (Sims) Spach] Oenothera tetragona Roth var. sharpii Munz. Known from the Eastern Highland Rim of TN, AL, and KY. [< Oe. tetragona – RAB, C; < Oe. tetragona var. tetragona – G; < Oe. fruticosa Linnaeus ssp. fruticosa – H, K, V, W; = Oe. tetragona ssp. tetragona var. sharpii – X] Many hybrids are known. OROBANCHACEAE Ventenat 1799 (Broomrape Family) A family of about 96 genera and 2060 species, root-parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll (Orobanchaceae sensu stricto) and chlorophyllose hemi-parasites (formerly placed in the Scrophulariaceae), of temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Manen et al. 2004). References: Thieret (1971); Olmstead et al. (2001); Fischer in Kadereit (2004). OROBANCHACEAE 526 tribe Gerardieae: Agalinis, Aureolaria, Dasistoma, Macranthera, Seymeria. tribe Orobancheae: Epifagus, Orobanche. tribe Buchnereae, "subtribe Buchneriinae": Buchnera, Striga. tribe Cymbarieae: Schwalbea. "tribe Castillejeae": Castilleja. tribe Rhinantheae: Conopholis, Melampyrum, Pedicularis. 1 Plants lacking chlorophyll (parasitic), variously pink, purple, brown, or white. 2 Stem paniculately branched; flowers dimorphic, those low in the inflorescences small, pistillate, and fertile, those high in the inflorescence larger, apparently perfect but functionally staminate ............................................................Epifagus 2 Stem simple (rarely few-branched); flowers all alike. 3 Calyx deeply cleft on the lower side; stamens exserted ............................................................................Conopholis 3 Calyx either nearly regular, or deeply cleft above and below into 2 lateral halves; stamens included...... Orobanche 1 Plants with chlorophyll (hemiparasitic), with foliage and stems normally green. 4...... Agalinis Rafinesque 1836 (Agalinis, Purple-foxglove) A genus of about 40 species, hemiparasitic herbs, of tropical and warm temperate regions of America. References: Canne (1979); Hays (1998b); Pennell (1935)=P. 1 Perennial, from horizontal rootstalk bearing slender, scaly rhizomes; corollas 3-4 cm long; [of Carolina bays, cypress savannas, limesink ponds] .........................................................................................................................................A. linifolia 1 Annual, with 1-several fibrous roots from the stem base; corollas < 3 cm long (except sometimes A. fasciculata and A. purpurea). 2 Stem retrorse-hispid; leaves lanceolate to ovate, usually lobed at the base; [of mafic glades and woodlands]................... .......................................................................................................................................................................A. auriculata 2 Stem ascending scabridulous or glabrous; leaves linear or filiform, entire. 3 Leaves reduced to scales < 2.5 mm long, plant thus appearing leafless......................................................A. aphylla 3 Leaves not scale-like, > 8 mm long. 4 Pedicels less than 1.5× as long as the calyx, mostly 1-5 mm long at anthesis, mostly < 8 mm long in fruit. 5 Plants fleshy; [of saline or brackish marshes and salt flats]. 6 Pedicels usually longer than or equalling the leaflike bracts; corollas 15-20 mm long; anther cells 1.8-2.3 mm long, usually long-lanose; [of Princess Anne County, VA, southward] ........................... ...............................................................................................................A. maritima var. grandiflora 6 Pedicels usually less than or equalling the leaflike bracts; corollas 12-17 mm long; anther cells 1.3- 1.8 mm long, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; [of the Delmarva Peninsula northward]................... ...................................................................................................................A. maritima var. maritima 5 Plants not fleshy; [not inhabiting saline habitats, though some species may be found in freshwater interdune swales]. 7 Stems appearing copiously leafy because of the well-developed fascicles of axillary leaves; [inhabiting dry to moist, often ruderal, habitats] ...........................................................A. fasciculata 7 Stems not copiously leafy, the