Annals of Botany 115: 1–18, 2015 doi:10.1093/aob/mcu220, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org HISTORY One hundred and twenty-five years of the Annals of Botany. Part 1: the first 50 years (1887–1936) Michael B. Jackson* School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 19 July 2014 Returned for revision: 21 August 2014 Accepted: 19 September 2014 Background The Annals of Botany is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing papers on a wide range of topics in plant biology. It first appeared in 1887, making it the oldest continuously published botanical title. The present article gives a historical account of events leading to the founding of the Journal and of its development over the first 50 years. Sources of Information Much of the content is drawn from the Journal’s own records and from extensive Minutes, financial accounts, personal letters and notes relating to the Annals of Botany that were repatriated from University College, University of London in 1999. Documents held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and at the Oxford University Press Museum were also consulted. Content Emphasis is placed on the individuals who instigated, edited and managed the Annals of Botany up to 1937, especially the nine founding members of the Journal and the background that brought them together and motivated them to start the Annals of Botany. A falling out between two of the founders in 1899 is highlighted since not only did this threaten the Journal’s future but also gives much insight into the personalities of those most closely involved in the Journal during its formative years. The article also examines the way the Journal was funded and how it dealt with its publisher (the University of Oxford’s Clarendon Press), turned itself into a registered company (the Annals of Botany Company) and coped with the travails of the First World War, currency inflation and the Great Depression. Plans to re-start the Journal as a New Series, beginning in 1937, are discussed in the context of the competition the Annals of Botany then faced from younger journals. Key words: Annals of Botany, Annals of Botany Company, Clarendon Press, history of science, Oxford University Press, not-for-profit publishing, publishing history, science journal history. INTRODUCTION founders and their vision of modern botanical science to prosper, and describes a notable clash of personalities that almost By August 2012, the Annals of Botany had been published brought the Journal down after only 12 years. In addition, ac- without a break for 125 years. In that time it has become not counts are given of the creation of the ‘Annals of Botany only the world’s oldest continuously published botanical title Company’, the effects on the Journal of the First World War but one that has retained a high international standing despite and its aftermath, and how the Journal’s managers looked to the emergence of numerous popular and well-run competitors. the future by planning a ‘New Series’ starting 50 years after its The present article is the first of two that, together, look back foundation. over the Journal’s long history. The present article considers how the Annals of Botany first came into being in 1887 and the evolution of its editorship and SOURCES OF INFORMATION management practices over the 50 years to 1937. These devel- opments are described in terms of the people involved, how Two previously published short accounts and one more exten- they organized the starting of the Journal and how they ran and sive account of the inception of the Annals of Botany (Farmer, financed it on a not-for-profit basis. The article pays particular 1923, 1937; Wilson, 1978) have been consulted during the writ- attention to the lives of the nine remarkable and mostly rather ing. These earlier accounts are based on a remarkable collection grand individuals who founded the Journal and who, for the of >170 handwritten Minutes, letters and related documents most part, came from privileged backgrounds. Despite being a covering the years 1885–1897. The letters are all addressed to youthful group (all but one were under 40), most were already the founding editor Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour and it is therefore establishment figures by 1887, e.g. Fellows of the Royal Society likely that it was Balfour who had sufficient sense of history in (FRS) or directors/professors of prestigious establishments, the making to preserve these documents. By 1923, the collec- while the others were soon to become so. The present article tion had already been carefully examined by one of the editors, also outlines the academic environment which allowed the Sir John Bretland Farmer. His insightful summary of the Mike Jackson joined the Editorial Board of the Annals of Botany in 1988. He was the Journal’s Chief Editor from 1996 to 2007 and worked to estab- lish the online open-access journal AoB PLANTS, becoming its first Chief Editor in 2009. VC The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] 2 Jackson — History of Annals of Botany. Part 1: the first 50 years contents is contained in an obituary for Balfour (Farmer, 1923). Minute Book!’. However, thanks to the perspicacious Balfour, It is, however, odd that 13 years later, at the Journal’s 1936 to efficient office management at the Clarendon Press and to Annual Meeting, Farmer is reported as being unable to write a a large dose of undeserved serendipity, a wealth of original historical account of the Annals because he ‘had not the requi- documentation about the founding and subsequent development site information’. The best Farmer could then manage was a of the Annals of Botany has emerged. Arrangements are in brief description of the origins of the Journal as part of his short hand for much of this material to be added to the existing Foreword to Volume 1 of the Annals of Botany New Series Annals of Botany archive at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Farmer, 1937). In 1944, Balfour’s collection of early docu- for cataloguing and safe keeping. ments was deposited for safe keeping at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew by Vernon Herbert Blackman, the Journal’s lead editor at the time. It has sometimes been referred to, mis- BACKGROUND TO THE STARTING OF leadingly, as The First Minute Book. In 1967, its numerous THE ANNALS OF BOTANY individual items were ordered, numbered, mounted on card The year in which the Journal published its first issue (1887) and bound by archivists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew as was Queen Victoria’s golden jubilee year, a highly propitious a single volume named ‘Annals of Botany Correspondence time to start a new and ambitious English language botanical 1885–1897’. Ironically, a subsequent cataloguing error made journal intent on publishing ‘original articles, reviews and locating this bound collection difficult for Karl Wilson, a for- progress reports, historical notices, short notes, letters and a mer Secretary and Treasurer to the Journal, who instigated a record of current literature’. The political and social circum- search in the 1970s (Wilson, 1978). Its re-discovery by V. T. H. stances that gave rise to the Annals of Botany can be linked to Parry, the Librarian and Archivist at Kew, then enabled Wilson wholesale reforms to British education begun in about 1870 to write the first thorough account of the conception and birth (Haines, 1958) when shortcomings in Britain’s schools, univer- of the Annals of Botany (Wilson, 1978). The present article is sities and related institutions were being blamed for a loss of in- built upon Wilson’s firm foundation. dustrial and technical competiveness compared with France and In 1999, a more comprehensive collection of letters, financial Germany. The reforms were directed by a royal commission accounts and overlapping sets of unbound Minutes covering the chaired by the Duke of Devonshire (the so-called Devonshire years 1888–1911 were discovered during an office clearout at Commission) and included Thomas Henry Huxley (a President University College, University of London and passed to me by of the Royal Society in the 1870s and known famously as Professor J. H. A. Nugent. Some of this material is thought Darwin’s Bulldog) whose more direct influence on the founders to comprise documents assembled by the Clarendon Press (an of the Annals of Botany is mentioned later. The Devonshire imprint of Oxford University Press and the first publisher of the Commission planned advanced training and research centres Annals of Botany) and sent to Dukinfield Henry Scott (the then similar to those of German universities (Haines, 1958)withan Chairman) in 1922. We have the covering letter from The emphasis on laboratory instruction and research instead of Secretary of the Clarendon Press (R. W. Chapman) and also learning mainly from books (often ones translated from the Scott’s thank you letter dated 4 December 1922 confirming German). Subsequent funding, both private and public, helped receipt of the papers. How they subsequently came to be at to create or strengthen numerous academic institutions, some of University College and then abandoned there is not known. which provided education and career opportunities for the plant The person responsible may have been Francis Wall Oliver, scientists who started the Annals of Botany. These reforms also amemberoftheAnnals of Botany’s committee from 1904 and increased the number of professional botanists and botanically the Quain Professor of Botany at University College between knowledgeable teachers and thus the number of potential con- 1890 and 1925.