•R4/M- : THE JOURNALS OF MAJOR JAMES RENNELL FIRST SURVEYOR-GENERAL OF INDIA. WRITTEN FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE GOVERNORS OF BENGAL DURING HIS SURVEYS OF THE GANGES AND BRAHMAPUTRA RIVERS 1764 to 1767. EDITED BY T. H. D. La TOUCH E, Geological Survey of India. CALCUTTA Printed vi the Baptist Mission Pkess, and published hy The Asiatic Society, 57, Park Street. 1910. ®flLaioz Hame3 chcmictl, es'.cH.c\, '5tw tizci ateat Stialidfi seoqz&pnez'. Reproduced from a Medallion in the possession of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. *& M> PREFACE. The Journal of Major James Rennell now published is contained in a small quarto volume bound in parchment, and is written throughout by his own hand. Inside the cover is the book-plate, dated 1840, of his daughter Lady Rodd, who in 1809 was married to Admiral Sir J. Tremayne Rodd. The book was presented by her grandson, the Rt. Hon. Sir James Rennell Rodd, G.C.V.O., British Ambassador at Rome, to the Victoria Memorial Collection accumulated under the auspices of Lord Curzon in 1906, and came into my hands through Sir T. H. Holland, Director of the Geological Survey, who asked me to discover whether it contained any matter of geological interest. This I found not to be the case, except as regards the striking and important changes that have taken place, and are still in progress, in the courses of the rivers of Bengal since the Journal was written. But it is so different in many respects from the other contemporary records of that most interesting period of the British occupation of India that have been preserved, concerning itself not with the political and social events of the time, but with the physical aspects of the country, its climate, crops, and com- munications, that it seemed to me to possess a quite unique interest ; and I am greatly indebted to the Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for their permission, freely accorded, to edit the Journal as one of the Memoirs of that Society. In many respects the picture of Bengal, as given in the Journal, differs very slightly from its aspect of the present day, in spite of the advance of Western civilisation, of our railways and our steam-boats. The first journey that I myself made in India was from Dacca to Maimensingh by way of the ' Luckya ' river in a 'budgarow,' which might have been the very one, so far as appearance and construction went, in which Rennell made the passage. Since then I have travelled many a mile in the same unwieldy craft, which still remain the chief means ' of transport on the waterways of the delta. Still, on either side of the rivers, ' padda fields stretch to the horizon ; and the mat-built villages, with their groves of bamboos and betel trees, remain as they were. Notwithstanding the uniform flat- the scenery is often charming as Rennell ness of the ground, — ; more than once remarks in some such phrase as this : "There is a vety pleasant Prospect, the River being transparent and serpentine, and flowing through a Countrey made up of pleas- ant Meadows interspersed with Groves and Villages." The only innovations worth mentioning are perhaps the growing of jute, which now almost overshadows that of rice, and the nearly complete extermination of the ' Tygers,' which were so frequent a cause of apprehension to Rennell and his men. [97] I felt much hesitation in deciding how to deal with the mass of miscellaneous notes which follow the Journal ; whether to arrange them under separate heads or to omit some that did not appear to possess much interest. But the topics dealt with are so varied that what seemed to myself to be superfluous might be the very subjects to which others might wish to devote particular attention. For this reason, and because I think that the notes, as they stand, give us some insight into Renneli's attitude of mind, testifying to his ardour in collecting every item of informa- ' tion that might assist him in the preparation of his Memoir ' and other works, I have thought it better to make no alteration in the text. In conclusion, I must express my gratitude to Mr. F. D. Ascoli, I.C.S., who as Assistant Settlement Officer in Faridpur has acquired an intimate knowledge of the vagaries of the great rivers in that neighbourhood since Renneli's time, and has kindly corrected many of the notes I had compiled from information which, is though not many years old, now quite out of date ; to the Revd. W. K. Firminger, Editor of " Bengal, Past and Present," who has given me many valu- able suggestions; and to Mr. J. T. Rankin, PCS., who has kindly identified several of the villages in the Dacca District mentioned by Rennell. T. H. D. L. Calcutta , June igio. [98] .... .. .. 7 CON T E N T S Pages Preface iii Introduction i—5 The Journal First Expedition for the discovery of the nearest passage from the Ganges to Calcutta in the dry season 8—24 Second Expedition for surveying the Ganges. 25—43 for Third Expedition surveying the Meghna . 44—50 Fourth Expedition for making a general Map of Bengal ^i—74 Survey of the Road from Lakshmipur to Chittagong 74-78 .Survey of the northern Branches of the Ganges 79-85 Survey of the Calcutta -Dacca Road, and the Southern Creeks 86—96 Miscellaneous Notes 97- : Appendix A. Rajuagar and Luricule 135 Appendix B. Letter of Major J. Rennell *Z7 List of Works Consulted 139 Index Mi ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Major Rennell. From a medallion in the possession of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, presented by Lady Rodd . Frontispiece. Facsimile of two pages of the Journal . Pages 0— ' ' Map of Bengal and Bahar, from Rennell's Bengal Atlas . At end of Memoir. [99 J INTRODUCTION. A very complete biography of James Rennell, the writer of this Journal, has been published by Sir Clements R. Markham, and it will therefore be sufficient to give only a brief sketch of his career in this place. He was born on the 3rd of December, 1742, near the village of Chudleigh in Devonshire, his father being John Rennell, a captain in the Artillery. In 1756 he entered the Navy as a midshipman on board the Brilliant frigate, under Captain Hyde Parker, and was present at the landing of the Duke of Marlborough's troops in Cancale Bay, near St. Malo, in June 1758, at the taking of Cherbourg in August, and at the disastrous action at St. Cast on the coast of Brittany, in September of the same year. During this action Rennell was employed in making a survey of St. Cast Bay, and prepared a plan dedicated to Lord Howe, a copy of which is still preserved. At the end of 1759 Rennell volunteered for service in the East Indies under Captain Hyde Parker in the Norfolk, 74, but that ship having sailed before he could join her he went out to Madras in the America frigate, and after a six months voyage joined Captain Parker on the Grafton, 68, in September. During the next two years he saw a good deal of service and spent his leisure time in making surveys of the harbours visited by the fleet. In 1763 he entered the sea service of the East India Company, and went on a voyage to the Philippine Islands as surveyor. On his return to Madras he obtained his discharge from the Navy and received command of a ship, but on the 21st Octo- ber, 1763, she was lost in a hurricane. Fortunately for himself Rennell was on shore at the time, and soon after was appointed to the Neptune, a small vessel owned by a merchant of Madras, in which he surveyed the Pamben Channel and Palk Strait. Early in the year 1764 Rennell went to Bengal, where he met with friends through whose influence, chiefly that of Mr. Topham, who had been a midshipman with him on board the Brilliant, he received a commission as Probationer Engineer in the Fort and was ordered by Mr. Vansittart, then Governor uf Bengal, to make a survey of the delta of the Ganges. 2 Sir C. Markham quotes a letter of Rennell him- self, but without giving the date of it, in which he says that his friend Captain Tinker, in command of the king's squadron, "procured me a commission as Sur- veyor-General of the East India Company's dominions in Bengal," and alludes to ! from the Journal the share that Mr. Topham took in promoting his interests ; but now published it appears that he was not appointed Surveyor-General till the is1 January, 1767/ just before the departure of Lord Clive at the end of his second administration of Bengal. English Geography, Century Science Series, Cassell & Co., London, 1 Major James Rennell and the Rise of Modern 1895. * Journal, 86. ! Journal, p. 9. 8 Op. cit., p. 4>- P- [101] INTRODUCTION. There are two references to this appointment in the old Records of the Govern- ment of Bengal, which are interesting not only because they give further particulars regarding an event which may be described as epoch-making in the history of the British occupation of India ; since from Rennell and his four assistants sprang that vast edifice the 'Survey of India', which now employs nearly 150 Europeans besides a veritable army of native Surveyors and servants, and has carried its labours far into the surrounding regions as well as throughout the whole of India ; but also because they show clearly the estimation in which the services of James Rennell were even then held and ; the expressions conveyed in them must have been the more gratifying, since the minutes of the Council at that period seem to have more often been directed towards the admonishment of their servants for lapses of conduct, than to rewarding them for zeal and industry.