ITTO MINISTRY OF FORESTRY OF INDONESIA IN COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION ITTO PD425/06 Rev. 1 (I) Production and Utilization Technology for Sustainable Development of Eaglewood (Gaharu) in Indonesia FRAGRANT WOOD GAHARU: WHEN THE FRAGRANT WOOD GAHARU: WHEN THE W I L D C A N W I L D C A N NO LONGER NO LONGER PROVIDE PROVIDE R & D CENTRE FOR FOREST CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (FORDA) MINISTRY OF FORESTRY INDONESIA 2011 by : Irnayuli R. Sitepu, Erdy Santoso, Sulistyo A. Siran, and Maman Turjaman ISBN 978-979-3145-88-4 9 789793 145884 ITTO MINISTRY OF FORESTRY OF INDONESIA IN COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION ITTO PD425/06 Rev. 1 (I) Production and Utilization Technology for Sustainable Development of Eaglewood (Gaharu) in Indonesia FRAGRANT WOOD GAHARU: WHEN THE W I L D C A N NO LONGER PROVIDE by : Irnayuli R. Sitepu, Erdy Santoso, Sulistyo A. Siran, and Maman Turjaman Authors : Irnayuli R. Sitepu, Erdy Santoso, Sulistyo A. Siran, and Maman Turjaman Institution’s full name, address : R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation; Jalan Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia; e-mail : [email protected] The place and date the report : Bogor, July 1, 2011. was issued Disclaimer : Copyright @ 2011 This Proceeding is a part of Program ITTO PD425/06 Rev. 1 (I) : Production and Utilization Technology for Sustainable Development of Gaharu (Gaharu) in Indonesia Published by : Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation Jalan Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Indonesia Phone :62-251-8633234 Fax :62-251-8638111 E-mail : [email protected] ISBN : 978-979-3145-88-4 Cover by : Bintoro Project number : PD425/06 Rev. 1 (I) Host Government : Indonesia Name of the Executing : Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Agency Project Coordinator Dr. Ir. Maman Turjaman, DEA Starting date of the project : May 1, 2008 Duration of the project : 36 months ii PREFACE The importance of gaharu (eaglewood or aloewood or jingkoh or oudh) for many users has long been recognized. Gaharu is also considered the world’s most valuable incence with even higher price for high quality gaharu. Due to its multiuses, demand for gaharu products continues to increase significantly and may cause rapid depletion of gaharu trees in the wilds. Natural habitat of gaharu suffers from uncontrolled exploitation, and as the consequences, some important gaharu-producing trees under a serious degradation. People who live surrounding the forests are the ones who are affected directly from the rapid depletion of gaharu because their livelihood depends on the forest. On the other hand, forests are now receiving more and more attention from international society because profound appreciation on the function of forest has increased over the years. Forests are no longer seen as a place for timber production only, but also for many non-timber forest products. More importantly, forest is seen a lot as as environmental service provider nowadays. Indonesia is the world’s third largest area of tropical forest, being endowed with nearly 90 million hectares under forest cover. With today’s international focus on climate change, the forests have become the assets that contribute significantly to the country’s income. It is thus timely to promote sustainable production of gaharu as an important strategy for conserving natural gaharu tree species, thus the forest habitats, and concurrently fulfilling the demand for gaharu products from cultivation. This project of ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I): “ Production and Utilization Technology for Sustainable Development of Eaglewood (Gaharu) in Indonesia” is targeting to achieve the goals. Technology for accelerating gaharu production is intensively studied and several gaharu cultivation plots have been established in several locations in Indonesia. It is our aim to alleviate poverty of particularly forest community by providing simple technology for gaharu production as source of income and to stimulate cultivation of gaharu plants as their valuable backbone commodity. The objective of this book is to give thorough information concerned with gaharu, and summarize the findings of the state-of-the-art research on gaharu. A key message of this book is to stimulate an understanding that the future of gaharu relies solely on sustainable production of gaharu and habitat conservation, and that technology intervention plays a major role in the process. Adi Susmianto Head, R & D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation FORDA, the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia iii LIST OF CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................iii LIST OF CONTENTS ........................................................................ v LIST OF TABLE ..............................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1 2. KNOWING SPECIES THAT PRODUCE GAHARU .........................3 3. SILVICULTURE OF GAHARU PLANT .........................................15 3.1 Propagation using seeds, cuttings and tissue culture .................................... 15 3.2 Inoculation of beneficial microbial to promoted plant growth ........................ 16 3.3 Pest and Disease ........................................................................................... 16 3.4 Soil characteristics ......................................................................................... 19 4. GAHARU BIOINDUCTION TECHNOLOGY .................................23 4.1 Deliberate tree wounding using mechanical tools .......................................... 23 4.2 Deliberate tree drilling and chemical injection ................................................ 23 4.3 Deliberate tree drilling and inoculation of fungal inoculum ............................. 24 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GAHARU .....................................31 6. GAHARU PRODUCTS AND TRADING .......................................39 7. CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF GAHARU ...................................................................................49 8. EXIT STRATEGY .......................................................................51 8.1 The Role of Institution ..................................................................................... 51 8.2 Master Plans ................................................................................................... 53 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS .........................................................57 REFERENCES ...............................................................................59 ANNEX ..........................................................................................63 v LIST OF TABLE Table 1. Scientific names, synonyms, common names of Aquilaria and Gyrinops and distribution .................................................................................................3 Table 2. Pests and Diseases of gaharu plants in several locations in Indonesia ..........16 Table 3. Soil physical characteristics of three gaharu plantation sites in Java Island, Indonesia .................................................................................20 Table 4. Soil chemical characteristics of three gaharu plantation sites in Java Island, Indonesia .................................................................................20 Table 5. Fungi isolated from infected tree identified based on their morphological characteristics and experiments related with the fungal inoculation .............24 Table 6. Experimental plot of gaharu trees induction by deliberate tree drilling and Fusarium spp. injection in several locations across Indonesia ................26 Table 7. Molecular identification of 36 strains of gaharu-inducing fungi collected from 17 provinces in Indonesia .......................................................29 Table 8. Phenol compounds present in the induced gaharu products ........................34 Table 9. Classification of gaharu quality in Samarinda (East Kalimantan) ....................41 Table 10. Criteria and classification of gaharu quality ....................................................42 Table 11. Selling price of gaharu in markets of Samarinda, in East Kalimantan ............42 Table 12. Classification of gaharu quality according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) .................................................................................................43 Table 13. Development of quota and realization related to the eagle wood export from Indonesia .....................................................................................45 Table 14. Several institutions/stakeholder who will carry out the exit strategy following the ITTO’s PD 425/06 Rev. 1 (I) project ............................................52 Table 15. Exit strategy based on activities of gaharu development at the ITTO’s PD 425/06 Rev.1 (I) ........................................................................52 vii LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1. Seeds of gaharu. (1-2): Aquilaria malaccensis; (3-4): Gyrinops versteegii. ......5 Figure 2. Gaharu trees. ...................................................................................................6 Figure 3. Flowering phenology of Aquilaria spp. in natural forest, plantation